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01-Introduction To Power System Protection-EE466

The document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses that protection aims to monitor power systems, detect faults, and isolate faulty components to minimize interruptions and damage. The key components of a protection system include relays, circuit breakers, and other control equipment to maintain stability and optimal operation in response to faults or overloads. Protection systems must discriminate between normal and abnormal conditions, coordinate with each other, and isolate faults quickly but not too fast to prevent damage.

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Shoaib Shahriar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
299 views

01-Introduction To Power System Protection-EE466

The document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses that protection aims to monitor power systems, detect faults, and isolate faulty components to minimize interruptions and damage. The key components of a protection system include relays, circuit breakers, and other control equipment to maintain stability and optimal operation in response to faults or overloads. Protection systems must discriminate between normal and abnormal conditions, coordinate with each other, and isolate faults quickly but not too fast to prevent damage.

Uploaded by

Shoaib Shahriar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 466

Power System Protection


Note: 01
Introduction to Power System Protection
Dr. Mohammad Shoaib Shahriar
• Protection is the art or science of
continuously monitoring the
power system, detecting the presence of a
fault and initiating the
correct tripping of the circuit breaker
• Protection engineering concerned with the design
and operation of "protection schemes"
• Objective:
— Limit the extent and duration of service interruption
whenever
oequipment failure,
ohuman error, or
oadverse natural events occur on any portion of the system

— Minimize damage to the system components involved in


the failure and Prevention of human injury
The
Construction
of Power
System:
Primary
• Protection System
• Auto control for voltage, frequency, reactive power
compensation, power flow, network configuration and
stability The
• Metering for billing, operational control and statistical data Constructio
• Remote manual control via communications links (SCADA) n of Power
• Plant condition monitoring and alarming (temperature, System:
malfunction, maintenance need, operating duty) Secondary
• Communications infrastructure
Multi-Layered Structure of Power System
• Power apparatus generates,
transforms, and distribute the
electric power
• Control equipment maintains
power system at its normal voltage,
frequency, optimal economy and
security
• Protection equipment acts to
open and close circuit breakers,
thus changing the system structure Fig: Three layers of power system
equipment
Power system configurations and their
Protection
Radial system:
a single source arrangement with multiple loads
(generally distribution systems)

♣ Operating voltages <100 kV


♣ Economical to build
♣ Unreliable
♣ Less complex protection problem (fault current
flow in one direction only)
♣ The fault current does not vary much with changes
in generation capacity and system configuration
Network system:
Multiple sources and multiple loops
(generally transmission systems)

♣ Operating voltage >100 kV


♣ Reliable system
♣ Complex protection problem (fault
current has multiple directions and
all should be considered)
♣ The fault current varies greatly
with changes in system configuration
and generation capacity
Power System Bus Configuration
Related to:
• Reliability of service
• Flexibility in operation
• Interruption of service during equipment maintenance
Types:

(a) Single bus single breaker (b) Two bus single (c) Two bus two breakers
(simplest, least costly, least breaker (more flexible (most flexible, high cost)
flexible) than a)
Power System Bus Configuration

(d) Ring bus (similar flexibility


as c but if one breaker is being
maintained the ring is broken) (e) Breaker-and-a-half (similar flexibility
as c with low cost, most commonly
used in EHV transmission substations)
Short circuits may be caused in many ways:
Faults: *Failure of insulation due to excessive heat or
moisture
*Mechanical damage to electrical distribution
equipment
*Failure of utilization equipment as a result of
overloading or other abuse.

The principal electrical The main types of faults in a power system are:
system faults are short
■ Short-circuit faults (3Ф, 2 Ф, Ф-G, 2Ф-G)
circuits and overloads.
■ Open-circuit faults (open conductor)
■ Complex faults (inter-circuit, broken
conductor, cross-country etc)
■ Inter-turn faults in windings
Short-Circuit Type faults Distribution:
 Single-Phase-Ground: 70 – 80 %
 Phase-Phase-Ground: 17 – 10 %
 Phase-Phase: 10 – 8 %
 Three-Phase: 3 – 2 %
Short circuit type faults:
Series (Open-
circuit) type faults
Faults in Windings:
• Types of faults on a three-phase system: (A) Line-to-ground fault; (B)
Line-to-line fault; (C) Line-to-line-to-ground fault; (D) Three-phase
fault; (E) Three-phase-to-ground fault
Causes of Short-Circuit Faults:
-Insulation breakdown due to inherent Lightning
-Birds and animals bridging insulators
-Dig-ups for underground cables
-Conductors breaking
-Vehicle impact
-Wind effect
-Incorrect operation by personnel
Effects of Short circuit faults:
■ Large or very large currents can flow through parts of the
network - thousands or tens of thousands of Amps can be
involved
■ These large currents can only be allowed to flow for a very
short time otherwise equipment and generators would be
damaged, most likely terminally - allowable short-circuit
current flow duration could range from as short as 10
milliseconds up to say 3 seconds.
■ Arcs, sparking and the heating effect of short-circuit
currents can start fires involving non-electrical assets /
property
■ Very large mechanical forces can be caused by short -
circuit currents which have potential to break or damage
equipment
■ Electric current can "escape" from the network conductors
and flow through paths where they could create a hazard to
people or livestock and cause damage to non-electrical
assets/property
Some Abnormalities which lead to Fault:
■ Real power deficit – underfrequency
■ Power swings
■ Overload and excessive operating temperature
■ Power frequency overvoltage or undervoltage
■ Over-fluxing of power transformers
■ Asynchronous operation of synchronous machines
■ Over-frequency
■ Mechanical defects i.e. leaking oil, tap changer mechanism faults
Requirements of the Protection System:
 Discriminate between load (normal) and fault
(abnormal) conditions
 Not be confused by non-damaging transient conditions
 Be selective - coordinate with other protection systems
 Fast enough to prevent damage and hazards - but
not too fast
 Have no "blind spots" i.e. unprotected zones
 High degree of reliability and availability
 Secure against incorrect operation (security)
 Should not restrict rating of primary plant and
equipment
 Should be affordable
Basic components of Protection System
Basic components
of Protection
System

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