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1.1 Structure and Bonding

Molecular interactions and common chemical bonds are important in the study of life. Chemical bonds include ionic bonds formed by electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and metallic bonding involving a sea of electrons. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple depending on electron sharing and can be polar or nonpolar depending on electronegativity. Molecular shape depends on hybridization, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Intermolecular forces include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole interactions. These forces affect properties like boiling point.

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52 views

1.1 Structure and Bonding

Molecular interactions and common chemical bonds are important in the study of life. Chemical bonds include ionic bonds formed by electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and metallic bonding involving a sea of electrons. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple depending on electron sharing and can be polar or nonpolar depending on electronegativity. Molecular shape depends on hybridization, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Intermolecular forces include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole interactions. These forces affect properties like boiling point.

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Molecular Interaction and common

substances of importance in the study of


life
Chemical Bond/Lewis structure
- Force of attraction that brought atoms or molecules
together.
- Types of chemical bond
Ionic bond – force of attraction brought about
by the transfer of electrons ( metal + non
metal)
Covalent bond – force of attraction brought
about by the sharing of electrons
Metallic bonding - a covalent bonding involving
a sea of electrons of metals
Covalent bond
a. Based on the number of electrons shared
– single bond
– double bond
– triple bond
b. Based on the symmetry of electrical charge
- non polar ( equal sharing of electrons)
- polar ( unequal sharing of electrons)
Refer to electronegativity
If the two atoms are the same - non polar
If the two atoms are different - polar.

If it contains more than two atoms, it depends


on the shape of the molecule.
If the central atom is equally shared – non
polar, if not - polar
Bond polarity
Molecular Shape
Resonance
-Resonance is a method of describing the
delocalized electrons in some molecules where
the bonding cannot be explicitly expressed by a
single Lewis structure.
1. Draw and predict the shape of the molecule
and identify if its polar or non polar
a. SiO2 b. CH3Cl c. HCN
d. CH3OH e. NH3 f. BF3

Draw the resonance structure of


a. SO2 b. CO3-2
Intermolecular forces of attraction
• are forces of attraction between unlike
charges, partially positive and negative
dipoles, that occur between two molecules.
Intermolecular force
• Types of IMFAs
• London or Dispersion Forces
• Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Ion-Dipole
London Dispersion Forces
• Temporary or weak dipole interactions (such
as those between nonmetals)
in nonpolar compounds (ex. Ar(l) , I2(s))
London forces
• Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Permanent or strong dipole interactions (such as those
between nonmetals) in polar compounds  (ex.H2S, CH3Cl)
the strenght of this forces increase with increased
molecular weight 
• Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces of attraction that
form between the positive dipole of a hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the partially negative dipole of fluorine (F),
oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) atoms of neighboring molecules.
Ion- Dipole

• A  lone dipole may also interact with a single


ion to form an ion-dipole interaction.
(Ionic Bonding)
Bond strenght : Ion – dipole > hydrogen
bonding >dipole-dipole > London force

• The stronger the intermolecular force, the


higher the boiling point
• other factor is the molecular wt.
the lesser the molecular wt, the lesser the
boiling point
Identify the intermolecular forces present in the
ff substances
a. BaCl2, H2 , CO, HF, and Ne

b. CH3CH3 , CH3OH, CH3CH2OH


and list the substances in increasing boiling
points
• ANS
• a. H2 < Ne< CO< HF < BaCl2

• b. a. CH3CH3 has only dispersion forces


• CH3OH and CH3CH2OH have both
dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding
b. CH3CH2OH
Activity
List the substances BaCl2, H2 , CO , HF and Ne in
order of increasing boiling points
• Ans. H2 < Ne < CO < HF < BaCl2

The attractive forces are stronger for ionic


substances (BaCl2)
The remaining depend on molecular wt. polarity
and hydrogen bonding
H2 -- non polar and lowest molecular wt.
CO – polar , HF- polar, hydrogen bond
Hybridization of carbon
4 sp3
3 sp2
2 sp
carbon to carbon bonding
1st bond formed - sigma bond ( head on
overlap)
2nd bond formed - pi bond ( sideway overlap)
FORMATION OF SP3
FORMATION OF SP 2
Comparison of C-C and C-H bonds in
Methane, Ethane, Ethylene and Acetylene
Molecule Bond Bond Strenght Bond length
kj/mol kcal/mol (pm)
Methane CH4 sp3 C-H 436 104 109
Ethane CH3CH3 sp3 C-C 376 90 154
sp3 C-H 436 101 109
Ethylene H2C=CH2 sp2 - C-H 728 174 134
sp2 - C-C 465 111 109

Acetylene HC=CH sp C=C 965 231 120


sp C-H 556 133 106
Methane CH4
• 4 sp3
sp 2
Hybridization & Geometry

Trigonal planar
tetrahedral

linear

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