Group -6

Members :
Monak Goyal(209/08)
Pranav Narang(220/08)
Tarun Rawal(251/08)
Yogesh Verma(260/08)

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
 Report on six week training

• We had CCNA level training in networking

technologies from LABS AND RACKS, Jalandhar and
CDAC,Mohali for six weeks triaining .

• Training project uses the concepts

we learned during the training like
routing , switching,WAN,routing
protocols etc .

• The project exhibits the application

of networking technology in core
banking scenarios

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
 Why CCNA?...

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
• Ever rising popularity of internet ,makes the future
perspectives for network professionals handsome.

• With advent of cloud computing requirement of trained

network professionals will rise.

• CCNA is a professional course open to all and doesn’t

require graduation .

• Cisco holds 89% of the market share in the

networking fields.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
Applications of networking
technologies

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
 • In Monetary institutions like banks and stock
exchanges,ATMs,online billing and payments.

• Telecommunication-internet calling,mobile phone

networks, video-conferencing.

• Intra-organisation communication takes place using

LAN.like in colleges ,corporate houses ,hospitals,
government offices.

• E-governance and one window solutions in lagal

procedures.

• Education-internet the widest source of knowledge

available to human beings ,is based on network
technologies..
Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
 CCNA an Insight

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
 A Network ?

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
 A computer network, often simply referred to as a network,
is a group of computers and devices interconnected by
communications channels .
 Computer networks can be used for several purposes:

 Facilitating communications.

 Sharing hardware. 

 Sharing files, data, and information. 

 Sharing software..

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
 The OSI Model

 An ISO (International standard Organization) that

covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
 An open system is a model that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture (hardware or software).
 The OSI model is not a protocol; it is model for
understanding and designing a network architecture
that is flexible, robust and interoperable.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
 The OSI model is a layered framework for the design
of network systems that allows for
communication across all types of computer
systems.

The OSI model is built of seven ordered layers:

1. (layer 1) physical layer
2. (layer 2) data link
3. (layer 3) network layer
4. (layer 4) transport layer
5. (layer 5) session layer
6. (layer 6) presentation layer
7. (layer 7) application layer

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
 Under CCNA
curriculum we deal
with the transport
set of layers.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
 Various networking devices

 Router
 HUB
 Bridge
 Switch

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
 Routers

Functions performed by routers in networking applications are :

• Packet switching

• Packet filtering

• Internetwork communication

• Path selection

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
 Back end of a router

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
 Switches

Functions performed by switches are listed below:

• Address learning .
• Forward/filter decisions.
• Loop avoidance.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
 Hubs and bridges
Functions of hubs are:

• It is a layer one device .

• Multiport repeaters

• Rarely used ,mostly for small network.

• User at one port can communicate at a time.

• Bridges are used for 80-20 data traffic.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
 IP addressing
An Internet Protocol
address (IP address) is a
numerical label that is
assigned to devices
participating in a computer
network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication
between its nodes. An IP
address serves two principal
functions: host or network
interface identification and
location addressing

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
 Routing basics

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
 • Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network
along which to send network traffic.

• Types of routing:

 Static routing
 Default routing
 Dynamic routing:
It is further classified as -
I. Distance vector(RIP v1.0,RIP v2.0)
II. Link state(OSPF)
III. Hybrid(EIGRP)

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
 Switching basics

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
 VLANs(virtual LAN)

Charecteristics of vlans are listed below:

• Broadcast control

• Security

• Flexibility and scalability

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
 STP(spanning tree protocol)
It is an important loop avoidance measure in switching.

Spanning tree port states are :

• Blocking

• Listening

• Learning

• Forwarding

• Disabled
Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
 WAN technologies
an overview

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
 Various types of WAN technologies are listed below:

• Leased lines

• Packet switching

• Circuit switching

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
 Access management and security
Access management using routers on a network is done via
ACCESS LISTS.

Roles of access lists are:

• Traffic filtering

• security

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
 NAT
A Briefing

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
 Private and public IPs

• Addresses which are not routable

through internet, however they can
be used on a private network are
private IPs.
• A public IP address is an address
that is reachable on the global
Internet.

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
 NAT (network address translation) is used to convert
private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice
versa..

Types of NAT:

• Static NAT

• Dynamic NAT

• Overload NAT(PAT)

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
 The Project
Application of
networking in
CORE banking
solutions

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
 CORE banking solutions
• CORE stands for "Centralized Online Real-time Exchange".
This means that the deposits made are reflected
immediately on the bank's servers.

• The customer can withdraw the deposited money from any

of the bank's branches throughout the world.

• A few decades ago it used to take at least a day for a

transaction to reflect in the account because each branch
had their local servers.

• Normal core banking functions will include deposit

accounts, loans, mortgages and payments. Banks make
these services available across multiple channels
like ATMs, Internet banking, and branches.
Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
 Scenario taken up in the project
Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
 Thanks for your
patience

Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33
Overview of Discovery 3 & 4 and Exploration 3 & 4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34