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Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut: Session 8

The document discusses cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut when machining materials on a lathe. It provides examples for calculating spindle speed and machining time based on the workpiece diameter and material. Graduated collars are used to accurately control depth of cut and reduce diameters by increments as small as 0.001 inches or 0.02 mm. The optimal cutting parameters like speed, feed rate and depth of cut depend on factors like the workpiece material, machine rigidity, and tool type.

Uploaded by

Thanin Amnuayviboonphon
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
334 views

Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut: Session 8

The document discusses cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut when machining materials on a lathe. It provides examples for calculating spindle speed and machining time based on the workpiece diameter and material. Graduated collars are used to accurately control depth of cut and reduce diameters by increments as small as 0.001 inches or 0.02 mm. The optimal cutting parameters like speed, feed rate and depth of cut depend on factors like the workpiece material, machine rigidity, and tool type.

Uploaded by

Thanin Amnuayviboonphon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cutting Speed, Feed,

and Depth of Cut


Session 8

1
Cutting Speed
• Rate at which point on work
circumference travels past cutting tool
• Always expressed in feet per minute
(ft/min) or meters per minute (m/min)
• Important to use correct speed for
material
• Too high: cutting-tool breaks down rapidly
• Too low: time lost, low production rates

2
Lathe Cutting Speeds
Using High-Speed Steel Toolbit
Turning and Boring
Rough Cut Finish Cut Threading
Material ft/min m/min ft/min m/min ft/min m/min
Mach steel 90 27 100 30 35 11
Tool steel 70 21 90 27 30 9
Cast iron 60 18 80 24 25 8
Bronze 90 27 100 30 25 8
Aluminum 200 61 300 93 60 18

3
Calculating Spindle Speed
• Given in revolutions per minute
• Cutting speed of metal and diameter of
work must be known
• Proper spindle speed set by dividing
CS (in/min) by circumference of work
(in)
CS x 12 CS x 4
RPM  
D D
4
Example:
Calculate RPM required to rough-turn 2
in. diameter piece of machine steel (CS
90 SFM):
CS x 4
RPM 
D

90 x 4
RPM   180
2
5
Example:
Calculate RPM required to rough-turn 50
mm diameter piece of machine steel (CS
27 MPM):
CS x 320
RPM 
D

27 x 320
RPM   172.8
50
6
Lathe Feed
• Distance cutting tool advances along
length of work for every revolution of
the spindle
• Feed of engine lathe dependent on
speed of lead screw for feed rod
• Speed controlled by change gears in
quick-change gearbox

7
Bringing Diameter to Size
Using Two Cuts
• Roughing cut
• Purpose to remove excess material quickly
• Coarse feed: surface finish not too important
• .010- to .015-in. (0.25- to 0.4-mm)
• Finishing cut
• Used to bring diameter to size
• Fine feed: Produce good finish
• .003- to .005-in (0.07- to 0.012-mm)

8
Lathe Feedrates

High-speed steel cutting tool feedrate per


revolution of spindle
Rough Cuts Finish Cuts
Material in. mm in. mm
Mach steel .010–.020 0.25–0.5 .003–.010 0.07–0.25
Tool steel .010–.020 0.25–0.5 .003–.010 0.07–0.25
Cast iron .015–.025 0.4–0.65 .005–.012 0.13–0.3
Bronze . 015–.025 0.4–0.65 .003–.010 0.07–0.25
Aluminum .015–.030 0.4–0.75 .005–.010 0.13–0.25

9
Depth of Cut
• Depth of chip taken by cutting tool and
one-half total amount removed from
workpiece in one cut
• Only one roughing and one finishing cut
• Roughing cut should be deep as possible
to reduce diameter to within .030 to .
040 inch or .75 to 1 mm of size required
• Finishing cut should not be less than .005
inch or .125 mm
10
Depth of cut on a lathe

11
Factors Determining
Depth of Rough-Turning
Cut
• Available Stock
• Workpiece Material
• Condition of machine
• Type and shape of cutting tool used
• Rigidity of workpiece, machine, and
cutting tool
• Rate of feed

12
Graduated Micrometer
Collars
• Used when diameter of work must be
turned to accurate size
• Sleeves or bushings mounted on
compound rest and crossfeed screws
• Measurement
• Inch system graduated in .001 inch
• Metric system usually in steps of 0.02 mm

13
Graduated Micrometer
Collars

14
Inch System
• Circumference of crossfeed and
compound rest screw collars divided into
100-125 equal divisions
• Each has value of .001 inch
• Turn crossfeed screw clockwise 10 graduations,
cutting tool moved .010 inch toward work
• Lathe revolves, so .010 depth of cut taken from
entire work circumference reducing diameter .
020 inch

15
Metric System
• Circumference of crossfeed and
compound rest screw collars divided into
100-125 equal divisions
• Each has value of .02 mm
• Turn crossfeed screw clockwise 10 graduations,
cutting tool moved .2 mm toward work
• Lathe revolves, so .2 mm depth of cut taken
from entire work circumference reducing
diameter .4 mm

16
On machines where the workpiece
revolves, the cutting tool should be set
in for only half the amount to be
removed from the diameter.

17
Graduated Collar Use
• Make sure collar is secure before
setting a depth of cut
• All depths of cut must be made by
feeding cutting tool toward workpiece
• If graduated collar turned past desired
setting, must be turned backward half-
turn and fed into proper setting to
remove backlash
• Never hold graduated collar when
setting depth of cut

18
Graduated Collar Use
• Graduated collar on compound rest can
be used for accurately setting depth of
cut
• Shoulder turning
• Compound rest set at 90º to cross-slide
• Lock carriage in place
• Spacing of shoulders to within .001 in. accuracy
• Facing
• Compound rest swung to 30º, amount removed
from length of work = ½ amount of feed on
collar

19
Graduated Collar Use
• Machining accurate diameters
• Set compound rest to 84º16' to the cross-slide
• .001 in movement = .0001 infeed movement
• .02 mm movement = .002 infeed movement

20
Calculating Machining Time
• Factors such as spindle speed, feed
and depth of cut must be considered

distance
Time 
rate
Where distance  length of cut
rate  feed x RPM

21
Example:
Calculate the time required to machine a 2-in. diameter
machine-steel shaft 16 inch to 1.850 diameter finish size
CS x 4 90 x 4
Roughing cut RPM    180
D 2
Roughing feed feed = .020
length of cut 16
Roughing cut time    4.4 min
feed x r/min .020 x 180
100 x 4
Finishing cut: RPM   216
1.850 Total Time
Finishing feed = .003 29.1 min
16
Finishing cut time   24.7 min
.003 x 216
22

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