UNIT IV: UNDERSTANDING DATA

AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY

COLLECT DATA
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

-part and parcel of any research/study.

-means of making the other aspects of the research clear; the
methods and techniques to employ in finding answers to research
questions and in collecting data.
-it takes place after finalizing your research topic, background of
the study, research questions, hypotheses and research strategy.
-Usual data collection techniques are interview, observation and
questionnaire. All of which focuses on numbers, statistics and
relationship between variables.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

1. Experimental Research Design

-is a quantitative research design that base its research
method on scientific activity called experiment, in which a test
or examination of a thing under a manipulated or controlled
environment is done to determine the validity or truthfulness of
such thing. (Explain CG and EG)
-Following this design, you conduct two kinds of tests: pre-
test for both groups and post-test for the experimental or
treatment group to see the difference between them based on the
effects of the treatment or condition given to the EG.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

TYPES of Experimental Research Designs:

1. True Experimental Design – random participants, best
design for causal relationships.
2. Quasi-Experimental Design – prone to bias merely because
of participants selections whatever the reason. It can be one
of the following:
a. Matched Comparison group design – instead of selecting
participants for the control group, you get a set of participants that shows
close similarities with the EG or treatment group based on one or more
important variables.
b. Time-series – multiple observations of the subjects before and after
the treatment or condition applied to the EG.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

c. Counter-balanced – control order of effects if there are two or more treatments

in a study.
d. Single-subject – this design is used when the population is so large that you
find difficulty in choosing a group to study.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN STAGES

1. Clear knowledge of the research objectives that enable you to
decide not only on the kind of research you have to do, but also on
the manner you have to follow in conducting the research.
2. Formulation of hypotheses to state your guesses of what may not be
true or may be true about the results.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

3. Method of testing your hypotheses or of examining their

validity like deciding whether you have to follow the
experimental design or the quasi-experimental design.
4. Choice of which instrument to use in collecting data; that is,
whether to use interview, observation or questionnaire.
5. Process of selecting the subjects to compose the control group
and the experimental group.
6. Performance of experimentation that allows control of the
cropping up of extraneous variables and of experimenter’s bias.
7. Collection and analysis of data.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

2. Non Experimental Research Design

-is a quantitative research design that is capable of giving
qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data;
hence, this is often used in the field of social sciences.

-Unlike the experimental design that allows manipulation of

some aspects of the research, non-experimental research design
shuns controlling variables. Instead, it involves variables the
way they naturally exist on earth.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

TYPES OF NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. Descriptive – depicts an image or a picture of an
individual or group.
2. Comparative – states the differences or similarities
between or among people, things, objects, etc.
3. Correlative – shows the extent and direction of variable
relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive relationship
exists between or among them.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS

4. Survey – describes the attitudes, preferences, views,

feelings, and other behavioral patterns of a big number of people
for arriving at a certain conclusion about societal concerns and
issues.
5. Ex Post Facto - When translated literally, ex post facto
means ‘from what is done afterwards’. In the context of social
and educational research the phrase means ‘after the fact’ or
‘retrospectively’ and refers to those studies which investigate
possible cause-and-effect relationships by observing an existing
condition or state of affairs and searching back in time for
plausible causal factors.
 SEATWORK

Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Write the letter of the correct

answer.
1. Designing a research is thinking _____.
A. critically B. Skillfully
C. Literally D. Imaginatively
2. To design a research is seeing the research process in your
_____.
A. paper B. mind
C. library D, book
 SEATWORK

3. Preparing in your mind how to find answers to your research

questions is _____.
A. deciding on your research topic
B. controlling your emotions
C. designing your research
D. asking research questions
4. These are aspects of your research: research objectives, topic,
questions, hypotheses, and methodology. You come to think of
quantitative research design _____.
 SEATWORK

A. before finalizing your mind on these aspects of

your research
B. after thinking of these aspects of your
research
C. as you formulate hypotheses about these parts
D. as you ponder on your research problem
5. Central to experimental design is analysing relationships that are
_____.
A. specific B. causal
C. hypothetical D. stable
 SEATWORK

6. A quantitative research design that is equated with qualitative

design is _____.
A. true experimental B. semi-experimental
C. non-experimental D. quasi-experimental
7. Quantitative research designs are true for all experimental
designs except the aspect on _____.
A. subject selection B. variable rel
C. treatment app D. variable control
8. A quantitative research design that makes you behave as a
scientist is _____.
 SEATWORK

A. survey researchB. case study

C. experimental design D. correlative study
9. An empirical study is based on a research design that is _____.
A. qualitative B. quantitative
C. hypothetical D. theoretical
10. These two are the leading indicators of the occurrence of true
experimental design:
A. pre test and post test
B. Randomization and variable control
C. treatment and condition
D. experimental and control group
 SEATWORK

Directions: Answer each question intelligently and concisely.

1. What should be thinking of before designing your research?
2. Does your research still follow a quantitative research design
despite its non-use of random selection of subjects? Why?
Why not?
3. What do you mean by experimental and control group?
4. Should the experimental and control group always be
selected randomly? Why? Why not?
5. Do you agree that the best research results come from
experimental designs? Justify your point.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

DATA
are any pieces of information or facts known by people in
this world. Appearing measurable, numerical, and related to a
metrical system, they are called quantitative data. Examples of
which are age, shape, amount, weight, height, number, positions
and the like which are measurable.

DATA can be discrete and continuous

 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Collecting data is one major component of any type of
research. Stress is placed on the accuracy or appropriateness
of the data-gathering technique as well as the right instrument
to collect the data.
1. Observation – using your sense organs, you gather facts
or information about people, things, places, events, and so on,
by watching and listening to them; then, record the results of the
functioning of your eyes and ears. Sensory experiences then will
be expressed to quantitative data. Observations may be direct
or indirect
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

2. SURVEY – is a data-gathering technique that makes you

obtain facts or information about the subject or object of your
research through the data-gathering instruments of interview and
questionnaire.
The most popular gathering techniques be it quantitative or
qualitative research.
a. Questionnaire – is a paper containing series of questions
formulated for an individual and independent answering by
several respondents for obtaining statistical information
(Factual, Opinionated)
b. Interview – makes you ask set of questions, only that, this
time, you do it orally.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
Order of Interview Questions
First Set of Questions – opening questions to establish friendly
relationships.
Second Set of Questions – generative questions to encourage
open –ended questions like those that ask about the respondents’
inferences, views, or opinions about the interview topic.
Third Set of Questions – directive questions or close-ended
questions to elicit specific answers like those that are answerable
with yes or no, with one type of an object, or with definite period of
time and the like.
Fourth Set of Questions – ending questions that gives
respondents the chance to air their satisfaction, wants, reactions or
comments about the interview.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
GUIDELINES in FORMULATING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Use clear and simple language.
2. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, jargons, and highfalutin terms.
3. Let one question elicit only one answer; no double-barrel question.
4. Express your point in exact, specific, bias-free, and gender-free
language.
5. Give way to how your respondents want themselves to be identified.
6. Establish continuity or free flow of the respondents’ thoughts by
using appropriate follow-up questions.
7. Ask questions in a sequential manner; determine which should be
your opening, middle, or closing questions.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

3. Experiment – is a scientific method of collecting data

whereby you give the subjects a sort of treatment or condition then
evaluate the results to find out the manner by which the treatment
affected the subjects and to discover the reasons behind the effects
of such treatment on the subjects.
The most adopted research designs under this techniques are:
a. Treatment – Evaluation
b. Pre test – Treatment – Post test
c. Pre test – Multiple treatments – Post test
d. Pre test – Treatment – Immediate Post test – 6 months –
post test – 1 year – post test
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

4. Content Analysis – is another quantitative data-collection

technique that makes you search through several oral or written
forms of communication to find answers to your research
questions.

Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

In quantitative research, measurements of data expressed in
numerical forms form in a scale or one that consists series of
graduated quantities, values, degrees, numbers and so on. The
classification of which will greatly affect the statistical analysis.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

There are two categories of scales of measurement: qualitative

scales of measurement and quantitative scales of
measurements.
Under Qualitative scales of measurements we have
a. Nominal Scale – categorizing people based o gender,
religion, position, etc.

b. Ordinal Scale – ranking or arranging the classified variables

to determine who should be the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., in the
group.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
Under Quantitative Scales of Measurements we have:
3. Interval scale – showing equal intervals or differences of people’s
views or attitudes like this one example fo a scale called Likert Attitude
Scale:
Reading is important
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
SA A U D SD

4. Ratio Scale – rating something from zero to a certain point.

Example: Performance in Math Subject.
 SEATWORK

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

Central to (1)____ are words; to quantitative research are
(2)____. In this second type of research, you use the data-
gathering technique called (3)____ that uses (4)____ and
(5)____, two data-gathering instruments that are made up of
(6)____. Questions on things resulting from your experience are
called (7)____ questions; those on your interpretative or critical
thinking are called (8)____ questions. Survey is a data-gathering
(9)____ while interview and questionnaire are data-gathering
(10)____.
 SEATWORK

Another quantitative data-gathering technique is the (11)____

that uses your (12)____ organs, specifically, your (13)____ and
(14)____ in collecting data. Watching and listening to people
and things with your own eyes and ears is a (15)____ kind of
observation; with audio tape or video tape, is (16)____ type of
observation.
(17)____ is one quantitative data-collection technique that aims
at controlling variables to discover (18)____ relationships. This
method involves (19)___ variables and dependent variables. The
(20)____ receive treatment or condition and, if it is given the
performance rating of 95%, it will appear on a scale of
measurement called (21)____ scale.