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19el02 Ena

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38 views

19el02 Ena

Uploaded by

Hooram Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO

PRESENTED BY: MUMTAHINA JATOI (19EL02)

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

SUBMITTED TO: SIR HAKEEM MEMON

 DATE OF EXAM: 27 JULY 2020


1. Describe in detail, the process of phase measurement with the help of oscilloscope.
Support your answer with practical examples
2. Discuss frequency spectrum
3. Draw home wiring diagram
1. PROCESS OF PHASE MEASUEMENT WITH THE HELP OF OSCILLOSCOPE
Measuring the phase angle between quantities is one of the most important functions that an
oscilloscope can perform.
Whenever we are using the dual-trace capability of an oscilloscope, the most important thing
to remember is that
“Both channels of a dual-trace oscilloscope must be connected to the same ground”
Measuring Zt and θt (EXAMPLE:1)

 In figure 15.104 resistor has been added to the Configuration between the source and the network to
permit measuring the current and finding the phase angle between the applied voltage and the source
current.
 In Fig. 15.104, channel 1 is displaying the applied voltage, and channel 2 the voltage across the sensing
resistor.
 Note that both channels have the same ground connection.
 The peak value of the source current must be found using Ohm’s law.
 Since the voltage across a resistor and the current through the resistor are in phase, the phase angle between
the two voltages will be the same as that between the applied voltage and the resulting source current.
 Using the sensitivities, the peak value of the applied voltage is
Em = (4 div.)(2 V/div) = 8 volt
while the peak value of the voltage across the sensing resistor is
VRs(peak) = (2 div)(10mV/div) = 20 mV

  Using Ohm’s law, the peak value of the current is
Is(peak) = / Rs
= 20 / 10
Is(peak) = 2 mA

 The sensing resistor is chosen small enough so that the voltage across the sensing resistor
Vx = E – V Rs ≈ E is small enough to permit the approximation The magnitude of the input impedance
is then
Zt = ( Vx / Is ) ≈ (E / Is ) = 8 V / 2 mA
Zt = 4 k Ω
 For the chosen horizontal sensitivity, each waveform in Fig. 15.105 has a period T defined by ten
horizontal divisions, and the phase angle between the two waveforms is 1.7 divisions. Using the fact
that each period of a sinusoidal waveform encompasses 360°, the following ratios can be set up to
determine the phase angle θ :

θ = (1.7) / 10 * 360°

θ = 61.2°
Example 2 :
Measuring the Phase Angle between Various Voltages:

 In Fig. 15.106, an oscilloscope is being used to find the phase relationship between the
applied voltage and the voltage across the inductor.
Note again that each channel shares the same ground connection. Both channels have
the same sensitivity.
 Peak value for voltages is:

Em = (3 div)(2 V/div) = 6 V
VL(peak) = (1.6 div) (2 V/div) = 3.2 V
The phase angle is determined using Eq.15.45:

= 45o
 If the phase relationship between e and vR is desired, the oscilloscope cannot be
connected as shown in Fig. 15.108.
 The grounds of each channel are internally connected in the oscilloscope, forcing
point b to have the same potential as point a.
 If the inductive element is the predominant factor in controlling the level of the
current, the current in the circuit could rise to dangerous levels and damage the
oscilloscope
 The easiest way to find the phase relationship between e and vR would be to
simply interchange the positions of the resistor and the inductor and proceed as
before.
 For the parallel network in Fig. 15.109, the phase relationship between two of the
branch currents, iR and iL can be determined using a sensing resistor, as shown in
the figure.
 Channel 1 displays the voltage vR ,and channel 2 the voltage vRs. Since vR in phase
with iR ,and vRs ,is in phase with iL ,the phase relationship between vR and vRs will
be the same as between iR and iL . The peak value of each current can be found
through a simple application of Ohm’s law.
2 .FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
FREQUENCY : Number of cycles completed in one second .
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM: Frequency spectrum of a signal is
the collection of all component frequencies and it tells us
about their range .
A frequency spectrum from 1 Hz to 1000 GHz can be
scaled off on the same axis, as shown in Fig.
Audio range (human ear) extends from only 15 Hz to
20kHz.
Transmission of radio signals can occur between 3 kHz and
300 GHz.
The uniform process of defining the intervals of the radio-
frequency spectrum from VLF to EHF is quite evident from
the length of the bars in the figure
 Frequencies of particular interest (TV, CB, microwave, etc.) are
also included for reference purposes.
 Since the frequency is inversely related to the period that is, as
one increases, the other decreases by an equal amount the two
can be related by the following equation:
 f = 1/ T
where f in HZ
T in sec
 or T =1/f
3. HOME WIRING DIAGRAM
THANK YOU

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