Introduction to Programming Languages

Lecturer name: Puan Rosmah Ismail

Email : [email protected]

Office: Staff Room, SEGi ACE

Consultation Hour: Wednesday, 2-5pm
(By appointment)
Module Assessment
 COURSE EVALUATION

 Component 1: Online Test (10%)

 Component 2: Lab exercises (10%)
70%
 Component 3: Quiz (15%)
 Component 4: Assignment (15%)
 Component 5: Mid-term exam (20%)
 Component 6: Final exam (30%)
 To pass
 must attempt both elements
 must achieve at least 80% of attendance.
 Pass mark is 50%
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Books: ( reference)

Joyce Farrell, Java Programming Eighth

Edition, 2016, Cencage Learning

Malik D.S., JAVA Programming:

From Problem Analysis to Program
Design, 5th Edition, Course
Technology, 2012.
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Books: (Additional reference)
 Intro. to Programming Languages

Additional references:
Java How to Program, Eight Edition, Paul Deitel, Harvey
Deitel, Pearson.
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Class rules
 Attend class on time

 No talking or surfing during lectures

 Treat your assignments seriously, no second

chance to re-do your assignments
 Submit your assignments on time

 No eating in class

 Ensure good housekeeping of the class before

you leave
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Class rules
 Plagiarism is a serious offence
 Rule 1: You must indicate on your submission any assistance you
received.
 Rule 2: You must not share solution sets or actual program code
with other students.
 Rule 3: You must not look at solution sets or program code from
other years.
 Rule 4: You must be prepared to explain any solution sets or
program code you submit.
 Cheating during exam or assignments is a
serious offence
 Software to be used in the course
Netbeans IDE 8.0 or above
 Module Synopsis
 Introductory course to Java programming with
an emphasis on the program design,
development and application implementation.

 Provides the students with the appropriate

foundation to the development of programming
skills to a level of competence sufficient to
allow them to contribute major programming
projects or for further study.
Module Learning Outcomes
The student will be able :
 Prepare algorithmic solutions to moderately complex
programming problems.
 Use programming tools to implement solutions.
 Explain code conventions, language idioms and
professional programming practice.
 Demonstrate the intelligent use of some of the more
commonly used standard library functions to reduce
programming effort.
 Demonstrate an understanding of the modular
programming process.
 Demonstrate an understanding of fundamental object-
orientated solutions
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Topics:
 Basic concepts programming
 The language of computers

 Processing a Java program

 Programming with the Problem Analysis-Coding-

Execution cycles
 Programming Methodologies

 Basic Elements of Java

 Basic of a Java Program

 Data Types

 Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence

 Input and Output

 Intro. to Programming Languages
Topics:
 Introduction to Objects and Classes
 Objects
 Using Predefined Classes and Methods
 Methods
 Control Structures I: Selection
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators and Logical Expressions
 Selection: if and if…else
 Switch Structures
 Comparing Strings
 Intro. to Programming Languages
Topics:
 Control Structures II: Repetition
 Why is Repetition needed?
 while Looping Structure
 for Looping Structure
 do…while Looping Structure
 Break and continue Statements
 Arrays
 Why Do We Need Arrays?
 Using Arrays
 Arrays of Objects
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
 Revision
Given length 5 cm and width 6 cm, calculate and
display the area of a rectangle.

1. Design the algorithm using :

 Flowchart
 Pseudocode

2. Based on the algorithm above, write a Java program

 Revision
1. Design an algorithm and write a program to
read two integers and display the total of the
integers.
 Revision
Write a pseudocode for the following problem:

1.Display “Hello” for 3 times.

 Computer Programming

 Programming can be defined as the

development of a solution to an identified
problem, and the setting up of a related series
of instructions which will produce the desired
results.
Creating Your First Java Classes
 Objectives
 Learn about programming
 Be introduced to object-oriented programming concepts
 Learn about Java
 Analyze a Java application that uses console output
 Add comments to a Java class
 Save, compile, run, and modify a Java application
 Create a Java application using GUI output
 Correct errors and find help
 Learning About Programming
 Program
 Set of written instructions that tells computer what to do
 Machine language
 Most basic circuitry-level language
 Low-level programming language
 High-level programming language
 Allows you to use vocabulary of reasonable terms
 Syntax
 Rules of language
 Program statements
 Similar to English sentences
 Carry out tasks of program
 Learning About Programming
(cont'd)
 Compiler or interpreter
 Translates language statements into machine code

 Syntax error
 Misuse of language

 Misspelled programming language word

 Debugging
 Freeing program of all errors

 Logic errors
 Also called semantic errors

 Incorrect order or procedure

 Learning About Java
 Java
 Developed by Sun Microsystems

 Object-oriented language

 General-purpose

 Advantages
 Security features

 Architecturally neutral

 Can be run on wide variety of computers

 Does not execute instructions on computer directly

 Runs on hypothetical computer known as Java virtual

machine (JVM)
 Learning About Java (cont‘d)
 Source code
 Programming statements
written in high-level
programming language
 Bytecode
 Statements saved in file

 Java compiler converts

source code into binary
program
 Java interpreter
 Checks bytecode and
communicates with operating
system
 Executes bytecode
instructions line by line
within Java virtual machine
23 Last Updated:February 7, 2021
 Compilation Process

Graphic courtesy of Eric Roberts with some changes

 Java Program Types
 Applets
 Programs embedded in Web page

 Java applications
 Called Java stand-alone programs

 Console applications

 Support character output

 Windowed applications

 Menus

 Toolbars

 Dialog boxes
 Analyzing a Java Application That Uses Console
Output

 Even simplest Java application

 Involves fair amount of confusing syntax

 Print “First Java application” on screen

 Understanding the Statement That Prints the
Output
 Literal string
 Will appear in output exactly as entered

 Written between double quotation marks

 Arguments
 Pieces of information passed to method

 Method
 Requires information to perform its task
Understanding the First Class
 Everything used within Java program must be
part of a class
 Define Java class using any name or identifier
 Requirements for identifiers
 Must begin with:
 Letter of English alphabet
 Or non-English letter (such as α or π)

 Cannot begin with digit

 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd)
 Requirements for identifiers
 Can only contain:

 Letters

 Digits

 Underscores

 Dollar signs

 Cannot be Java reserved keyword

 Cannot be true, false, or null

 Access modifier
 Defines how class can be accessed
Understanding the First Class
(cont'd)
Understanding the First Class
(cont'd)
Understanding the First Class
(cont'd)
Understanding the main() Method
 static
 Reserved keyword

 Means method accessible and usable

 Even though no objects of class exist

 void
 Use in main() method header

 Does not indicate main() method empty

 Indicates main() method does not return value when

called
 Doesn’t mean main() doesn’t produce output
 Shell Code
public class AnyClassName
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
/********/
}
}
•shellcode
•replace AnyClassName with a class name you choose
•replace the line /********/ with any statement you want to
execute
Adding Comments to a Java Class
 Program comments
 Nonexecuting statements added to program for
documentation
 Use to leave notes for yourself or others

 Include author, date, class’s name or function

 Comment out a statement

 Turn it into a comment

 Compiler does not translate and the JVM does not

execute its command
 Adding Comments to a Java Class
(cont'd)
 Types of Java comments
 Line comments
 Start with two forward slashes (//)
 continue to end of current line
 Do not require ending symbol
 Block comments
 Start with forward slash and asterisk (/*)
 End with asterisk and forward slash (*/)
 Adding Comments to a Java Class
(cont'd)
 Types of Java comments (cont'd)

 Special case of block comments

 Begin with slash and two asterisks (/**)

 End with asterisk and forward slash (*/)

 Use to generate documentation

 Saving, Compiling, and Running
and Modifying a Java Application
 Saving a Java class
 Save class in file with exactly same name and.java
extension
 For public classes

 Class name and filename must match exactly

 Compiling a Java class

 Compile source code into bytecode

 Translate bytecode into executable statements

 Using Java interpreter

 Type javac First.java

 Saving, Compiling, and Running
and Modifying a Java Application (cont‘d)

 Compilation outcomes
 javac unrecognized command

 Program language error messages

 No messages indicating successful completion

 Reasons for error messages

 Misspelled command javac

 Misspelled filename

 Not within correct subfolder or subdirectory on command

line
 Java not installed properly
Running a Java Application
 Run application from command line
 Type java First

 Shows application’s output in command window

 Class stored in folder named Java on C drive
 Modifying a Java Class
 Modify text file that contains existing class
 Save file with changes
 Using same filename

 Compile class with javac command

 Interpret class bytecode and execute class using
java command
 Creating a Java Application Using GUI Output

 JOptionPane
 Produce dialog boxes

 Dialog box
 GUI object resembling window

 Messages placed for display

 Package
 Group of classes

 import statement
 Use to access built-in Java class
Creating a Java Application Using GUI Output
(cont’d)
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class FirstDialog
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "First Java dialog");
}
}
Correcting Errors and Finding Help
 First line of error message displays:
 Name of file where error found

 Line number

 Nature of error

 Next lines identify:

 Symbol

 Location

 Compile-time error
 Compiler detects violation of language rules

 Refuses to translate class to machine code

 Correcting Errors and Finding Help
(cont'd)
 Parsing
 Process compiler uses to divide source code into
meaningful portions
 Logic error
 Syntax correct but produces incorrect results when
executed
 Usually more difficult to find and resolve

 Java API
 Also called the Java class library

 Prewritten Java classes

 You Do It
 Your first application
 Adding comments to a class
 Modifying a class
 Creating a dialog box
 Don’t Do It
 File’s name must match name of class
 Don’t confuse names parentheses, braces, brackets, curly
braces, square brackets, and angle brackets
 Don’t forget to end a block comment
 Don’t forget that Java is case sensitive
 End every statement with semicolon
 Do not end class or method headers with semicolon

 Recompile when making changes

 Summary
 Computer program
 Set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
 Java virtual machine (JVM)
 Standardized hypothetical computer
 Everything in a Java program must be part of a class
 Access modifier
 Word that defines circumstances under which class can be
accessed
 Summary (cont‘d)
 All Java applications must have method named main()
 Program comments
 Nonexecuting statements

 Add to file for documentation

 javac
 Compile command

 java
 Execute command
 JOptionPane
 GUI
 Provides methods for creating dialogs