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Plant Reproduction and Development

1. Plants reproduce both sexually through flowers and asexually through vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction requires flowers and pollination while asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring without flowers or pollination. 2. Vegetative propagation occurs naturally through structures like bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers or artificially through cuttings, grafting, budding, and tissue culture. 3. Non-flowering plants and some other organisms reproduce using spores formed through meiosis instead of seeds. Alternation of generations allows reproduction as multicellular sporophytes that produce spores which develop into gametophytes that produce gametes.

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74 views

Plant Reproduction and Development

1. Plants reproduce both sexually through flowers and asexually through vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction requires flowers and pollination while asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring without flowers or pollination. 2. Vegetative propagation occurs naturally through structures like bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers or artificially through cuttings, grafting, budding, and tissue culture. 3. Non-flowering plants and some other organisms reproduce using spores formed through meiosis instead of seeds. Alternation of generations allows reproduction as multicellular sporophytes that produce spores which develop into gametophytes that produce gametes.

Uploaded by

its james de guzman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reproduction and

Development in
Plants
Learning objectives

1
Describe sexual reproduction in
plants

2
Describe asexual reproduction in
plants

Illustrate the process of alternation

3
of generation.
The plant
Reproduction

TAKES PLACE SEXUALLY AND


ASEXUALLY
Majority of flowering plants reproduce Sexually

Flower is the reproductive part of a


plant.
Male and Female gametes are produce by flowers as well
as the sexual reproduction takes place in flower.

Flower consist of 4 parts


• Petals
• Sepals
• Stamen (male reproductive part)
• Pistil or Carpel (female reproductive part)
Production of Male & Female Gametes
Male Gametophyte ( Pollen Grain )

The pollen grain develops and reach maturity in immature


anther. Commonly known as plant’s male reproductive
organ. Pollen grains develop in a structure called
microsporangium. Microsporangia usually bi lobed, are
pollen sacs which microspores develop into pollen grains,
and are found in anther.
Within microsporangium, the microspores mother
cell divided by meiosis to give rise for 4
microspores, each will form a pollen grain

The inner layer called tapetum, provides


nutrition that helps to develop
microspores, also it contributes the
components of pollen wall.

Mature pollen grains contains generative cell


and pollen tube cell.
The generative cell was contained by a larger
pollen tube cell

Each pollen grains has two coverings, the exine ( thick outer layer) and
intine ( inner layer ). Exine contains sporopollenin a complex
waterproofing substance. It allows the spores to survive under any
condition and can be carried by wind, water, and biological agents
without any damage.
Female gametophyte ( Embryo Sac )

There are 2 phases of development in female


gametophyte
• Megasporogenesis
• Mega gametogenesis

Megasporogenesis – single cell in diploid


megasporangium – an area of tissue in the ovule
– undergoes meiosis to produce 4 megaspores
only 1 survive.

Mega gametogenesis - the surviving haploid


undergoes mitosis to produce 8 nucleate, 7 cell
female gametophyte or embryo sac. Two of the
polar nuclei move to the equator and fuse forming
single diploid central cell
3 of nuclei position themselves on the end of
embryo sac and develop into a antipodal cells which
later on degenerates.

The nucleus closest to micropyle becomes female


gamete and the two adjacent nuclei develop into
synergid that helps pollen tube for fertilization.

Double layer of integument protects the


megasporangium later the embryo sac
Integument develop into seed coat

The ovule wall become part of fruit. The integuments will not enclose
completely and leave an opening called micropyle, which allows the
pollen tube to enter the female gametes for fertilization

Ones fertilization complete, the diploid zygote develops


into embryo. The fertilized ovules will form the tissues of
the seeds.
Pollination and
Fertilization.

Self Pollination Pollination

A pollination where the pollen transfer between It is the process of transfering pollen grains from
the anther and stigma of the same flower. the anther of male part of flower to the stigma of
female part of flower.
Cross Pollination
A pollen transfer between the anther and stigma
of different flower of the same plant or different
plant but the same species.
Seeds
This are repined ovule that develop after fertilization. This
are small embryonic plant covered with seed coat usually
with some stored food. Formation of seed completes the
process of reproduction.

Seed Development

1. Formation of stamen and pistil in flower buds


2. Opening of the flower, which signals the sexual maturity of
these organs
3. Pollination, which consists in the transfer of pollen from
stamen to the pistil, pollen germinates and formation of pollen
tube which pushes sperm nuclei down the style into plant
ovary
4. Fertilization of egg and polar nuclei by sperm nuclei from
pollen tube
5. Growth of the fertilized egg and its differentiation into an
embryo plus surrounding seed coat
6. Maturation of the seed, usually with accumulation of stored
food.
The complete process of pollination to fertilization takes 18-24 hrs.
Germination

A process by which plants emerge from seed


and spores and begin to grow is called
germination.

The best example of germination is the


sprouting of seedling from a seed of an
angiosperms and gymnosperms
You could use three columns, why not?

Many plants can propagate themselves using asexual reproduction. This type of
reproduction does not require to produce a flower, attract pollinator, find a means of
seed dispersal. In asexual reproduction produce plants that is genetically identical to
the parent plant because there is no mixing of male and female gametes. This kind of
plants survive under stable environmental conditions compared to the plants produce by
sexual reproduction.
Vegetative propagation
Natural vegetative propagation
It occurs when axillary bud grows into lateral shoot and develops its
own roots (adventitious roots). Plant structures allows the
vegetative propagation include bulb, rhizomes, stolon and tubers
Bulbs – such as daffodils, forl lateral buds
from the base of the mother bulb which
produce smaller bulbs in subsequent years.
Rhizomes – are rootlike stem that grow
horizontally under the ground

Stolon – also called as runners, these are


horizontal stems that grows above the
ground.

Tubers – swollen portion of underground


stems that store food so plant can lie
dormant over winter.
Artificial vegetative propagation
Horticulturalist and gardeners use vegetative propagation method that plants don’t use naturally, this method involve taking a
piece of one parent plant and causing it to regenerate into new plant. Methods include cuttings, grafting and budding, and tissue
culture.

Cuttings – a piece that has been cut off a mother plant and then
caused to grow into a whole plant

Grafting and budding – joining a stem piece (grafting) or a single


bud (budding) onto the stem of a plant that has root.

Tissue culture – sometimes called micropropagation. Tiny


fragments of plants are treated with plant hormone in a sterile
growing medium, the hormones stimulates the growth of callus,
which a new seedling can grow. This method is used to produce
large numbers of identical seedlings.
Spores formation

Similar with seed formation in flowering plants. But spores production only occurs in non flowering
plants and other microscopic organisms. Examples of organisms are those fungi, green algae, and
ferns. Scientist believe that the ability of bacteria to produce spores make them thrive in diverse
ecosystems also make them survive adverse condition and environmental fluctuations.
Alternation of Generation

Bryophytes reproduce through the method known as alternation of generation. In this method a
multicellular sporophyte (vegetative part) which is diploid alternates with a multicellular gametophytes.
At maturity gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis. Two of this gametes fuse to produce zygote which
later develop into diploid sporophyte. A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, spores
germinate and grow into gamethophyte This cycle from sporophyte to sporophyte is the way which all
bryophytes and other higher plants undergo sexual reproduction.

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