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Darul Hikmah University Agricultural College

The document discusses different types of heat engines and internal combustion engines. It describes how a four-stroke engine works, including the suction, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. The engine intake takes in air or a fuel-air mixture, compresses it, ignites it to create power, and then exhausts the gases. Heat engines convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical motion using pistons driven by expanding gases in the engine cylinders.

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husni ahmed
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43 views

Darul Hikmah University Agricultural College

The document discusses different types of heat engines and internal combustion engines. It describes how a four-stroke engine works, including the suction, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. The engine intake takes in air or a fuel-air mixture, compresses it, ignites it to create power, and then exhausts the gases. Heat engines convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical motion using pistons driven by expanding gases in the engine cylinders.

Uploaded by

husni ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DARUL HIKMAH UNIVERSITY

A
Bo ein
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE En
g.H us
s

Farm Machinery

Lecture 3:-
ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES
02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine
 A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into
mechanical energy.

 The combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat.

This heat is supplied to a working substance at high temperature.

 By the expansion of this substance in suitable machines, heat


energy is converted into useful work.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES
1. Based on combustion of fuel:
(i) External combustion engine (ii) Internal combustion engine.

(i) External combustion engine


Here, the working medium, the steam, is generated in a boiler,
located outside the engine and allowed in to the cylinder to
operate the piston to do mechanical work.

1. Internal combustion engine


In internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place
inside the engine cylinder and heat is generated within the
cylinder.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


2. Based on fuel used
1. Diesel engine 2. Petrol engine 3. Gas engine

2. Diesel engine – Diesel is used as fuel


2. Petrol engine – Petrol is used as fuel
3. Gas engines – propane, butane or methane gases are used

3. Based ignition of fuel

1. Spark ignition engine (Carburetor type engines)


2. Compression ignition engine ( injector type engines)

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine
Spark Ignition (Carburettor Type) IC Engine

 In this engine liquid fuel is atomised, vaporized and mixed with air
in correct proportion before being taken to the engine cylinder
through the intake manifolds.

 The ignition of the mixture is caused by an electric spark and is


known as spark ignition(spark plug. ).

Compression Ignition (Diesel Type) IC Engine

 In compression ignition engines air is compressed in to the engine


cylinder,. Due to this the temperature of the compressed air rises to
700-900 C.
 At t his s tage d iesel is spray ed in to t he cyl inder in fine parti cles.
Due t o a v ery h igh t emp eratur e, th e fue l get s ign ited .
4. Ba sed o n wor king cycl e
1. Fo ur st roke cycl e eng ine -When the c ycle is c ompl eted i n two revo luti ons o f the crank shaft , it is c alled four strok e cyc le en. gine
2. Two str oke cycle engi ne. -When the c ycle is c ompl eted i n one revo luti on of the cranks haft, it i s ca lled two s troke cycle engi ne

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


WORKING PRINCIPLE OF I.C. ENGINE

A mixture of fuel with correct amount of air is exploded in an engine cylinder which is closed at one end.

As a result of this explosion, heat is released and this heat causes the pressure of the burning gases to increase.

This pressure forces a close fitting piston to move down the cylinder.

The movement of piston is transmitted to a crankshaft by a connecting rod so that the crankshaft rotates and turns a
flywheel connected to it.

Power is taken from the rotating crank shaft to do mechanical work.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE ( DIESEL/ PETROL ENGINE)

In four stroke cycle engines the four events namely suction,


compression, power and exhaust take place inside the engine cylinder.
The four events are completed in four strokes of the piston (two
revolutions of the crank shaft).

This engine has got valves for controlling the inlet of charge and outlet
of exhaust gases. The opening and closing of the valve is controlled by
cams, fitted on camshaft.

The camshaft is driven by crankshaft with the help of suitable gears or


chains.
The camshaft runs at half the speed of the crankshaft.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


The events taking place in I.C. engine are as follows:
1. Suction stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power stroke
4. Exhaust stroke

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


FOUR-STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
suction stroke.
 Only pure air is drawn into the cylinder during this stroke through
the inlet valve, whereas, the exhaust valve is closed.

 These valves can be operated by the cam, push rod and rocker arm.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


FOUR-STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
compression stroke
 The next stroke is the compression stroke in which the piston
moves up with both the valves remaining closed.

 the air, which has been drawn into the cylinder during the suction
stroke, is progressively compressed as the piston ascends.

 The pressure at the end of the compression stroke ranges from 30 to


45 kg/cm2.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


 As the air is progressively compressed in the cylinder, its
temperature increases, until when near the end of the
compression stroke, it becomes sufficiently high (650-80O oC) to
instantly ignite any fuel that is injected into the cylinder.

 When the piston is near the top of its compression stroke,


 A liquid hydrocarbon fuel, such as diesel oil, is sprayed into the
combustion chamber under high pressure (140-160 kg/cm2), higher
than that existing in the cylinder itself.

 This fuel then ignites, being burnt with the oxygen of the highly
compressed air.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


 During the fuel injection period, the piston reaches the end of its
compression stroke and commences to return on its third consecutive
stroke, viz., power stroke.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


FOUR-STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
power stroke.
 During this stroke the hot products of combustion consisting
chiefly of carbon dioxide, together with the
nitrogen left from the compressed air expand, thus forcing the piston
downward.

 This is only the working stroke of the cylinder.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


FOUR-STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
Exhaust stroke
 The exhaust valve then opens, usually a little earlier than when the
piston reaches its lowest point of travel.

 The exhaust gases are swept out on the following upward stroke
of the piston.

 The exhaust valve remains open


throughout the whole strocke
and closes at the top of the stroke.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

Fig. 3. Principle of four-stroke engine

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

FOUR-STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

 In this gasoline is mixed with air, broken up into a mist and


partially vaporized in a carburettor.

 The mixture is then sucked into the cylinder.

 There it is compressed by the upward movement of the piston and


is ignited by an electric spark.

 When the mixture is burned, the resulting heat causes the gases to
expand.
02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine
ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

 The expanding gases exert a pressure on the piston (power stroke).

 The exhaust gases escape in the next upward movement of the


piston.

 The strokes are similar to those discussed under four-stroke diesel


engines.

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine


ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

02/14/2021 ch5 - Engine

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