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Categorical Propositions

There are four categorical propositions: All (A), No (E), Some (I), and Some Not (O). Each proposition has a subject class (S) and predicate class (P). The propositions are defined as follows: A asserts the subject is completely included in the predicate; E asserts the subject is completely excluded from the predicate; I asserts the subject is partially included in the predicate; O asserts the subject is partially excluded from the predicate. Categorical propositions can be qualified as universal or particular and affirmative or negative based on their quantity and quality. The distribution of a class asserts whether all or some of its members are present.

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Mohammed Shehzad khan
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252 views

Categorical Propositions

There are four categorical propositions: All (A), No (E), Some (I), and Some Not (O). Each proposition has a subject class (S) and predicate class (P). The propositions are defined as follows: A asserts the subject is completely included in the predicate; E asserts the subject is completely excluded from the predicate; I asserts the subject is partially included in the predicate; O asserts the subject is partially excluded from the predicate. Categorical propositions can be qualified as universal or particular and affirmative or negative based on their quantity and quality. The distribution of a class asserts whether all or some of its members are present.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Shehzad khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CATEGORICAL

PROPOSITIONS
Four Categorical Propositions:
• There are four categorical propositions.
• A – All S is P
• E – No S is P
• I - Some S is P
• O – Some S is not P
• We can see that each categorical proposition has two classes, subject
class(S) and predicate class (P).
Continues…
• We can put any example in these categorical propositions, which are
as follows:
• A- All students are intelligent.
• E – No students are intelligent.
• I – Some students are intelligent.
• O – Some students are not intelligent.
Definition of each Categorical proposition:
• A – All S is P which says that subject class is completely included in
the predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• E – No S is P which says that subject class is completely excluded
from predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• I – Some S is P which says that subject class is partially included from
predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• O – Some S is not P which says that subject class is partially excluded
from predicate class.
Quantity of categorical propositions:
• Categorical Propositions: Quantity
• A – All S is P Universal

• E – No S is P Universal

• I – Some S is P Particular

• O – Some S is not P Particular


Quality of Categorical Propositions:
• Categorical Propositions: Quality
• A – All S is P Affirmative

• E – No S is P Negative

• I – Some S is P Affirmative

• O – Some S is not P Negative


Distribution of Categorical Propositions:
• Law of distribution: In a categorical proposition each class distributes
itself if it asserts the presence of all of its members.
• Now we apply this law to each class of each categorical proposition.
• Categorical Propositions: Subject Class Predicate Class
• A – All S is P Distributed Undistributed
• E – No S is P Distributed Distributed
• I - Some S is P Undistributed Undistributed
• O – Some S is not P Undistributed Distributed
Symbolic Representation of Categorical
Propositions:
HOW TO PRESENT AN EMPTY AND
NON-EMPTY CLASS IN A DIAGRAM?
• If there is S class which is empty we can represent it in a diagram as
follows:
Continues…
• If there is S class which is not empty, we can represent it like this:
The End.

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