Module 5

DC Generator Losses

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 Total Losses in a DC Generator
The following are the total losses in a DC generator:
1. Copper Losses
a. Armature copper loss
b. Shunt field copper loss
c. Brush contact copper loss
d. Series field copper loss 

2. Magnetic Losses (Iron or Core Losses)

a. Hysteresis loss – this is due to the magnetic heating
of the armature.
b. Eddy Current loss – this loss is due to the flow of eddy
currents in the body of the armature

3. Mechanical Losses
a. Friction loss
b. Air friction loss
 Total Losses in a DC Generator

 Stray losses or Stray Power Losses – these are

the magnetic losses plus the mechanical losses.
These are also called as rotational losses.

 Constant or Standing Loss – these are the stray

losses plus the shunt field copper loss.

Total Losses = Variable Losses + Constant Losses

 Generator Power Stages

A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= Eg Ia
 Generator Efficiencies
 Mechanical Efficiency

   𝑩 𝑬𝒈× 𝑰 𝒂𝒂
𝜼𝒎𝒎 = =
𝑨 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓
 Electrical Efficiency

   𝑪 𝑽 𝑻𝑻 × 𝑰 𝑳𝑳
𝜼𝒆𝒆= =
𝑩 𝑬𝒈 × 𝑰 𝒂𝒂
 Over-all or Commercial Efficiency
𝑽 𝑻𝑻 × 𝑰 𝑳𝑳
   𝑪
𝜼𝒄𝒄 = =
𝑨 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒄 =𝜼𝒎 ×𝜼𝒆
  
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
 Condition for Maximum Efficiency

Variable Losses = Constant Losses

𝟐
𝟐
𝑰
  
𝒂
𝒂 𝑹 𝒂𝒂=𝑾 𝑪𝑪
 Load Current at Maximum Efficiency

   𝑾 𝑪𝑪
𝑰 𝑳𝑳=
𝑹𝒂𝒂 √
 Iron Losses in Armature
 Hysteresis Loss – this loss is due to the reversal of
magnetization of the armature core.

𝟏. 𝟔
𝑾 𝒉=𝒌 𝒉 𝒇𝑽 𝑩
  
𝒎𝒂𝒙  Steinmetz Formula

 Eddy Current Loss – this loss is due to the flow of eddy

currents in the body of the armature core. The core is
laminated to reduced eddy current loss.
Where:
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 Wh = hysteresis loss in watts
𝑾𝒆 =𝒌𝒆 𝒇 𝒕 𝑽 𝑩
  
𝒎𝒂𝒙 We = eddy current loss in watts
f = frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz
t = thickness of each lamination
V = volume of the core in m^3
Bmax = maximum flux density in Tesla
kh = Steinmetz hysteresis coefficient
ke = eddy current coefficient
 Iron Losses in Armature

For a given dc machine, Z, P and a are constants,

𝑾 𝒉 =𝑨𝒇 = 𝑨𝑵
   𝑾 𝒆𝒆 =𝑩 𝒇 𝟐𝟐=𝑩 𝑵𝟐𝟐
  

Where:
A and B = constants of proportionality
N = speed of armature
 Sample Problems
1. A 10-kW, 250-V, dc, 6-pole shunt generator runs at 1000 rpm
when delivering full-load. The armature has 534 lap-connected
conductors. Full load Cu loss is 0.64 kW. The total brush drop is
1 volt. Determine the flux per pole. Neglect shunt current.
Solution:
  𝑃 𝐿   10,000
𝐼 𝐿= ¿
𝑉𝑇 250
IL
F1  𝐼 𝐿 =40
A2 𝐴
Shunt Rf If Ra  𝐼 =𝐼 𝐿 +𝐼 𝑓
Ia 𝑎
Field V Load
Eg Since shunt current is
F2 A1 neglected, 𝐼 𝑓 =0
 𝐼 𝑎=𝐼 𝐿=40 𝐴
  𝑃 2 2
𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =𝐼 𝑅
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝐼 𝑓 𝑅𝑓

Since shunt current is neglected, field current (If) is zero

2 2
 𝑃
𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 + ( 0 ) 𝑅 𝑓
 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =𝐼 2𝑎 𝑅 𝑎

 𝑅𝑎 =0.4 Ω

 𝐸 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 +𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠h𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑔

 𝐸 𝑔=250+(40)(0.4)+1  𝐸 =267 𝑉
𝑔

For the flux per pole

  𝑍𝑃 𝜙 𝑛   (534 ) ( 6 ) ( 𝜙 ) ( 1,000 )
𝐸𝑔= 267=
60 𝑎 60(6)
𝝓=𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝑾𝒃
 
 Sample Problems
2. A shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal voltage of 250
V. The armature resistance and shunt field resistance are
0.02 Ω and 50 Ω respectively. The iron and friction losses
equal 950 W. Find (a) EMF generated (b) Cu losses (c)
output of the prime mover (d) commercial, mechanical and
electrical efficiencies.
Solution:
  𝑉 𝑇   250
IL 𝐼𝑓 = ¿
F1 𝑅𝑓 50
A2
Shunt  𝐼 =5 𝐴
Rf If Ra 𝑓
Field Ia V Load
Eg  𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼
𝑎 𝐿 𝑓
F2 A1   5
 𝐼 𝑎=200 𝐴
(a) For the EMF generated

 𝐸 =𝑉 𝑇 +𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎
𝑔

 𝐸 𝑔=250+(200)(0.02)  𝑬 =𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝑽
𝒈

(b) For the Cu losses

 𝑃 2 2
𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =𝐼 𝑅
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝐼 𝑓 𝑅𝑓

 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =( 200 )2 ( 0.02 ) + ( 5 ) 2 ( 50 )

 𝑷𝒄𝒖𝑭𝒍 =𝟐 ,𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝑾
(c) For the output of the prime mover

A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= Eg Ia

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
  𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑀 =𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠+𝐸 𝑔 𝐼 𝑎
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
  𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑀 =950+(254)(200)
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
  𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝑴 =𝟓𝟏 , 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑾
(d) For the commercial, mechanical and electrical efficiencies.
A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= E g Ia

  𝐸𝑔 × 𝐼 𝑎
𝜂𝑚 = × 100 %
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
 
𝜼  𝒎 =𝟗𝟖 . 𝟏𝟔 %
 A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= Eg Ia

  𝑉 𝑇 × 𝐼𝐿
𝜂𝑒 = ×100 %
𝐸𝑔 × 𝐼 𝑎
 
𝜼  𝒆 =𝟗𝟓 . 𝟗𝟔 %
 A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= Eg Ia

  𝑉𝑇×𝐼𝐿
𝜂𝑐 =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
 
𝜼  𝒄 =𝟗𝟒 . 𝟐𝟎 %
 Sample Problems
3. A shunt generator has a full-load current of 196 A at 220 V.
The stray losses are 720 W and the shunt field coil
resistance is 55 Ω. If it has a full-load efficiency of 88%,
find the armature resistance. Find also the maximum
efficiency of the generator.
Solution:
  𝑉 𝑇   220
𝐼𝑓 = ¿
IL 𝑅𝑓 55
F1
A2
 𝐼 =4 𝐴
Shunt 𝑓
Rf If Ra
Field Ia V Load  𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼
Eg 𝑎 𝐿 𝑓
 𝐼 𝑎=196+ 4
F2 A1
 𝐼 𝑎=200 𝐴
 A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= E g Ia

  𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡   220 ( 196 )

𝜂= 0.88=  𝑃 𝑖𝑛 =49,000 𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛
 𝑃 =𝐸 𝑔 𝐼 𝑎+𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑛

49,000=𝐸
 
𝑔 ( 200 ) +720
 𝐸
𝑔 =241.4 𝑉
For the armature resistance,
 𝐸 =𝑉 𝑇 +𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 241.4=220+(200)
  𝑅𝑎
𝑔

 𝑹𝒂 =𝟎 . 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝛀

In general,
  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ×100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
  𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 +𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
  𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ×100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 +𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
For the maximum efficiency,
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
  𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑊 𝑐
  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 @ 𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥
𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥 = ×100 %
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 @ 𝜂 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 +𝑊 𝑐 +𝑊 𝑐
  𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 @ 𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥
𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥 = ×100 %
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 @𝜂 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 +2 𝑊 𝑐
For the maximum efficiency,
Condition for Maximum Efficiency

𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
  𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑊 𝑐
𝑊
  𝑐 =𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 +𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
2 2
𝑊
 
𝑐 =𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝐼 𝑓 𝑅 𝑓 =720+ ( 4 ) ( 55 )

𝑊
  𝑐 =1,600 𝑊

   
𝑊𝐶 1,600
√
𝐼 𝐿 ′=
𝑅𝑎
 𝐼 𝐿 ′=122.28 A
√
𝐼 𝐿 ′=
0.107
Output at maximum efficiency
 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑇 𝐼 ′𝐿

 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =(220)(122.28)  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =26,901.60 𝑊

  𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 @ 𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥
𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥 = ×100 %
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 @𝜂 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 +2 𝑊 𝑐

  26,901.60
𝜂𝑚 𝑎𝑥 = ×100 %
26,901.60+2(1,600)

𝜼  𝒎 𝒂𝒙 =𝟖𝟗 . 𝟑𝟕 %
 Sample Problems
4. A long shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 kW at a
terminal voltage of 220 V. The resistances of armature, shunt
field and the series field are 0.05 Ω, 110 Ω and 0.06 Ω
respectively. The over-all efficiency at the above load is 88%.
Find (a) Cu loss (b) Iron and friction losses.
 Solution:

Series Field   𝑃 𝐿   22,000

S1 S2 𝐼 𝐿= ¿
𝑉𝑇 220
Rs
F1
IL  𝐼 𝐿 =100 𝐴
A2

Ra Shunt If V Load   𝑉 𝑇   220

Ia Rf ¿
Eg Field 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓 110
A1 F2
 𝐼 =2 𝐴
𝑓
 𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼
𝑎 𝐿 𝑓
 𝐼 𝑎=100+2
 𝐼 𝑎=102 𝐴
(a) For the copper losses,

Armature
Armature copper
copper loss
loss 2
 ¿ 𝐼 2𝑎 𝑅 𝑎  ¿ ( 102 ) ( 0.05 )   ¿ 520.20 𝑊
Series field copper loss  ¿ 𝐼 2𝑎 𝑅 𝑠  ¿ ( 102 ) 2 ( 0.06 ) ¿
  624.24 𝑊

Shunt field copper loss  ¿ 𝐼 2 𝑅  ¿ ( 2 ) 2 ( 110 )  ¿ 440 𝑊

𝑓 𝑓

Total Cu loss = 1,584.44 W

𝑪𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔=𝟏
  , 𝟓𝟖𝟒 . 𝟒𝟒 𝑾
(b) For the iron and friction losses,

  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ×100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

  𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠+𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

  22,000
0.88=
22,000+1,584.44 +𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏
  𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔=𝟏 , 𝟒𝟏𝟓 . 𝟓𝟔 𝑾
 Sample Problems
5. A 4-pole dc shunt generator is delivering 20 A to a load of
10 Ω. If the armature resistance is 0.5 Ω and the shunt
field resistance is 50 Ω, calculate the induced emf and the
efficiency of the machine. Allow a drop of 1 V per brush.
Solution:
𝑉
  𝑇 =𝐼 𝐿 𝑅 𝐿  ¿ ( 20 ) ( 10 )
IL
F1
A2
𝑉
  𝑇 =200 𝑉

Shunt Rf If Ra   𝑉 𝑇   200
Field Ia V Load 𝐼𝑓 = ¿
Eg 𝑅𝑓 50
F2 A1  𝐼
𝑓 =4 𝐴
 𝐼
𝑎 =𝐼 𝐿 +𝐼 𝑓 ¿ 20+4
 

 𝐼 𝑎=24 𝐴
For the induced emf,

 𝐸 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 +𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠h𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑔

 𝐸 =200+24 ( 0.5 ) +2(1)  𝑬 =𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝑽

𝑔 𝒈

For the efficiency of the machine,

A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Losses Output
Losses in the
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= E g Ia
Since iron and friction losses are not given, only electrical
efficiency of the machine can be found out

  𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿
𝜂𝑒 = × 100 %
𝐸𝑔 𝐼 𝑎
  ( 20 0 ) ( 20 )
𝜂𝑒 = ×100 %
(214)(24)
𝜼  𝒆 =𝟕𝟕 .𝟖𝟖 %
 Sample Problems
6. A long shunt compound-wound generator gives 240 volts
at full-load output of 100 A. The resistances of various
windings of the machine are: armature (including brush
contact) = 0.1 Ω, series field = 0.02 Ω, interpole field =
0.025 Ω, shunt field (including regulating resistance) =
100 Ω. The iron loss at full-load is 1000 W; windage and
friction losses total 500 W. Calculate full-load efficiency of
the machine.
 Solution:
  𝑉 𝑇   240
Series Field 𝐼𝑓 = ¿
S1 S2 𝑅𝑓 100
Rs
 𝐼 =2.4 𝐴
IL 𝑓
A2 F1
 𝐼 =𝐼 𝐿 +𝐼 𝑓
V 𝑎
Ra Shunt If Load
Ia Rf
Eg Field   .4
A1 F2  𝐼 𝑎=102.4 𝐴

  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ×100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
For the output,
 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑇 𝐼 𝐿  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ( 240 ) ( 100 ) =24,000W

For the losses,

Armature
Armature copper
copper loss
loss   ( 102.4 )2 ( 0.1 )
 ¿ 𝐼 2𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 ¿ ¿  1,048.58 𝑊
Series field copper loss  ¿ 𝐼 2𝑎 𝑅 𝑠 ¿   2 , 09.72𝑊
  ( 102.4 ) 2 ( 0.02 ) ¿

Shunt field copper loss  ¿ 𝐼 2 𝑅  ¿ ( 2.4 )2 ( 100 )  ¿ 576 𝑊

𝑓 𝑓
2
Interpole field copper loss  
¿ 𝐼   ( 102.4 )2 ( 0.025 )  
𝑎 𝑅𝑖 ¿ ¿ 262.14 𝑊
Iron loss ¿  1,000 𝑊
Windage and friction loss  ¿ 500 𝑊

Total losses = 3,596.44 W

  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ×100 %
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

  24,000
𝜂= ×100 %
24,000+3,596.44

𝜼=𝟖𝟔
  . 𝟗𝟕 %
 Sample Problems
7. The hysteresis and eddy current losses in a dc machine
running at 1000 rpm are 250 W and 100 W respectively. If
the flux remains constant, at what speed will the total iron
losses be halved?

Solution:
𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=h𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠+𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 

 𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑊 h +𝑊 𝑒

𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=250+100
  𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=350 𝑊
 
 𝑊
  h =𝐴𝑁   𝑒 =𝐵 𝑁 2
𝑊

At N = 1000 rpm

𝑊
  h =𝐴𝑁 250=𝐴
  ( 1,000/60 )   𝐴=15
  𝑒 =𝐵 𝑁 2
𝑊  100=𝐵 ( 1,000/ 60 )2   𝐵=9/25
Let N’ be the speed when the total iron losses be halved
  1
𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠= ( 350 )=175 𝑊
2
 𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑊 h +𝑊 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵 𝑁 2

  ′ 9
175=15 ( 𝑁 ) + ¿
25
   9
¿
25

Solving for N’

 𝑁 ′ =9.5 𝑟𝑝𝑠

 𝑁 ′ =−51.17 𝑟𝑝𝑠 ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑

 𝑵 ′ =𝟗 . 𝟓𝒓𝒑𝒔 =𝟓𝟕𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎

 Sample Problems
8. In a dc machine the total iron loss is 8 kW at its rated
speed and excitation. If excitation remains the same, but
speed is reduced by 25%, the total iron loss is found to be
5 kW. Calculate the hysteresis and eddy current losses at
(a) full speed (b) half the rated speed.

Solution:
 𝐼 𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠=𝑊 h +𝑊 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵 𝑁 2

Let N be the rated speed = 1 rps

8  , 000= 𝐴 ( 1 )+ 𝐵 ( 1 )2 → 𝑒𝑞 .(1)
If the speed is reduced by 75% of the rated speed, N = 0.75 rps

2
5,000=
  𝐴 ( 0.75 ) +𝐵 ( 0.75 ) → 𝑒𝑞 .( 2)

Solving eq. (1) and (2)

  8,000   16,000
𝐴= 𝐵=
3 3

(a) At full speed, N = 1 rps

𝑊
  h =𝐴𝑁 =(8,000/3)(1) 𝑾
  𝒉 =𝟐 , 𝟔𝟔𝟔 .𝟔𝟕 𝑾

 𝑊 𝑒 = 𝐵 𝑁 2 =¿ 𝑾
  𝒆 =𝟓 , 𝟑𝟑𝟑 , 𝟑𝟑 𝑾

(b) At half the rated speed, N = 0.5 rps

𝑊
  h =𝐴𝑁 =(8,000/ 3)(0.5) 𝑾
  𝒉 =𝟏 ,𝟑𝟑𝟑 , 𝟑𝟑 𝑾

 𝑊 𝑒 = 𝐵 𝑁 2
=¿ 𝑾
  𝒆 =𝟏 , 𝟑𝟑𝟑 , 𝟑𝟑𝑾