Analysis and Design of T-

Beams and Doubly

Reinforced Beams

1
T-Beams

Reinforced concrete floor systems are placed

monolithically with supporting beams

The slab can function as a flange for the

beam

The portion of the beam below the slab is

called the web or stem

2
T-Beams

3
Effective Flange Width

Stocky and compact flanges see a fairly

uniform compressive stress

Wide and thin flanges see a varying

compressive stress

The further a portion of the flange is from

the web, the smaller will be the
compressive stress

4
Effective Flange Width

Rather than consider a varying compressive

stress across the flange, the ACI Code
uses the concept of an “effective flange
width”
The compressive stress on the effective
flange width is considered to be uniform
The purpose is to have the same compressive
force acting over a smaller flange width
5
Effective Flange Width
ACI Code Section 8.12 deals with effective
flange width
For T-beams with flanges on both sides of
the web, the effective flange width is
limited to the lesser of:
a) one-quarter of the beam span
b) the web width plus 16 times the slab
thickness (eight times each side)
c) one-half the clear distance to the
adjacent web
6
Effective Flange Width
For T-beams with a flanges on one side of the
web only, the effective flange width is
limited to the lesser of:
a) one-twelth of the beam span
b) the web width plus six times the
slab thickness
c) one-half the clear distance to the
adjacent web

7
Effective Flange Width
For an isolated T-beam, the flange thickness
may not be less than one-half the web
width, and the effective flange width may
not be larger than four times the web
width

8
T-Beams – Strength Design
Neutral axis may or may not fall in the flange

If the neutral axis falls in the flange, the

design procedure is identical to that for
rectangular beams

If the neutral axis does not fall in the flange,

the compression area does not consist of a
single rectangle, and the rectangular beam
design procedure does not apply
9
Neutral Axis Location

10
Analysis of T-Beams
Determine the minimum area of positive
moment steel using ACI Code Section
10.5.1

Compute the tensile force - T = Asfy

Determine the area of concrete in

compression – Ac C  T  0.85 f c' Ac
T
Ac 
0.85 f c'
11
Analysis of T-Beams
Calculate a, c and t

Calculate Mn

12
Example 5.1

Determine the design strength, Mn, of the

T-beam. Use a concrete strength of 4,000
psi and Grade 60 reinforcement. The
beam has a span of 30 ft and is cast
integrally with a 4-in-thick floor slab. The
clear distance between webs is 50 in.

13
Example 5.1

a) Check the effective flange width

b  16h f  bw  16  4 in   10 in  74 in
b  average clear distance to adjacent web  bw 
50 in  10 in  60 in 
b  span divided by 4 =  30 ft   12in ft  4  90 in

14
Example 5.1

15
Example 5.1

b) Check As,min

3 f c' 3 4000 psi

As ,min  bw d   10 in   24 in   0.76 in 2
fy 60, 000 psi
200bw d 200  10 in   24 in 
As ,min    0.80 in 2 
fy 60, 000 psi
As  6.00 in 2  0.80 in 2 Ok

16
Example 5.1

c) Determine tensile force, T

T  As f y   6.00 in 2   60 ksi   360 k

d) Determine Ac

Ac 
T

 360 k 
 105.88 in 2

0.85 f c' 0.85  4 ksi 

 flange area =  60 in   4 in   240 in 2
 NA is in the flange
17
Example 5.1

e) Calculate a, c and t
105.9 in 2
a  1.76 in
60 in
a 1.76 in
c   2.07 in
1 0.85
 d c  24 in  2.07 in 
t     0.003 in in      0.003 in in  
 c   2.07 in 
0.0318  0.005
Section is ductile and   0.90

18
Example 5.1

f) Compute flexural design strength

a 1.76 in
Arm  z  d   24 in   23.12 in
2 2
 M n  Tz  0.90  360 k   23.12 in  
7490.9 k-in  624.2 k-ft

19
Example 5.2

Determine the design strength of the T-

beam. Use a concrete strength of 4,000
psi and Grade 60 reinforcement.

20
Example
5.2

21
Example 5.2

a) Check As,min

3 f c' 3 4000 psi

As ,min  bw d   14 in   30 in   1.33 in 2
fy 60, 000 psi
200bw d 200  14 in   30 in 
As ,min    1.40 in 2 
fy 60, 000 psi
As  10.12 in 2  1.40 in 2 Ok

22
Example 5.2

b) Determine tensile force, T

T  As f y   10.12 in 2   60 ksi   607.2 k

d) Determine Ac
Ac 
T

 607.2 k 
 178.59 in 2

0.85 f c' 0.85  4 ksi 

> flange area =  30 in   4 in   120 in 2
 NA is in the stem
23
Example
5.2

24
Example 5.2

c) Locate the centroid

178.6 in 2  120 in 2  58.6 in 2

 4.19 
 120 in   2 in    58.6 in   4 in  2 in 
2 2

y 2

178.6 in
3.34 in

25
Example 5.2

d) Calculate a, c and t
a  4 in  4.19 in  8.19 in
a 8.19 in
c   9.64 in
1 0.85
 d c   30 in  9.64 in 
t    0.003 in in  
   0.003 in in  
 c   9.64 in 
0.00634  0.005
Section is ductile and   0.90

26
Example 5.2

e) Compute flexural design strength

Arm  z  30 in  3.34 in  26.66 in

 M n  Tz  0.90  607.2 k   26.66 in  
14,569 k-in  1214 k-ft

27
Alternative Analysis of T-Beams
Use alternative method when part of web is in
compression area
Divide the compression area into two sets of
rectangles
Compute the compressive force in the web
and the compressive force in the flange
Cw  0.85 f abw
c
'

C f  0.85 f  b  bw  h f
c
'

28
Alternate Analysis of T-Beams

As = Asw + Asf 29
Alternate Analysis of T-Beams
Compute the flexural design strength using
the following equation
a Asw f y
M nw  Asw f y (d  ), where a  '
2 0.85 f c bw
hf
M nf  Asf f y (d  )
2
 a  hf 
M n  Cw  d    C f  d    M nw  M nf
 2  2 
30
Example 5.3

Repeat Example 5.2 using the alternative

method.

31
Example
5.3

32
 Repeat Example 5.2 using
Example 5.3 the alternative method.

Asf  0.85 f c' (beff  bw )(h f ) / f y

  (0.85)(4)(30  14)(4)  / 60  3.627 in 2
Asw  As  Asf  10.12  3.63  6.49 in 2
Asw f y (6.49)(60)
a '
  8.18 in
0.85 f c bw (0.85)(4)(14)
Cw  0.85 f c'abw  0.85(4)(8.18)(14)  389.8 k
C f  0.85 f c'  b  bw  h f  0.85(4)(30  14)(4)  217.6 k
33
 Example 5.3

 a  hf 
M n  Cw  d    C f  d   
 2  2 
8.18 4
 (389.8)(30  )  (217.6)(30  )
2 2
 16,193 in  k  1349 k  ft
 M n  (0.9)(1349)  1214 k  ft
t and  are determined in the same way as in Ex. 5.2
where  is found to be 0.90
34
Design of T-Beams
Usually the flange thickness has been
determined by the slab design

The size of the web is usually determined by

shear demands or by negative moments

The width of the web may be determined to

be wide enough to accommodate the
reinforcing

35
Design of T-Beams
The NA usually falls in the flange and the T-
Beam can be designed as a rectangular
beam
If the NA falls in the web, a trial and error
design process may be required
The “lever arm” is estimated
The amount of steel is estimated, based on
the estimated lever arm
36
Design of T-Beams
A new estimate of the lever arm is made,
based on the steel requirement

A new estimate of the required amount of

steel is made

The process is repeated until acceptable

convergence is obtained
37
Design of T-Beams
The trial and error procedure can be avoided
if the T-Beam is split into two sets of
rectangles

The compressive force in the overhanging

flanges is balanced by part of the tensile
reinforcement

The compressive force in the web is balanced

by the remaining tensile steel
38
Design of T-Beams
The design flexural strength of the
overhanging flanges is given by:
 hf 
M uf   Asf f y  d  
 2 
The moment not resisted by the flanges is
given by:
M uw  M u  M uf
Asw   wbw d
Useful steel expressions are:
As  Asf  Asw
39
Example 5.4

Determine the positive moment steel area

required for a T-beam for the floor
system shown. The span is simply
supported and has a length of 20 ft. Use a
concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade
60 reinforcement. MD = 80 k-ft and ML =
100 k-ft

40
Example 5.4

41
Example 5.4

a) Determine the effective flange width

20 ft
 5 ft  0 in  60 in 
4
12 in  8  4 in  (2)  76 in
 10 ft   12 in ft   120 in

42
Example 5.4

b) Compute required flexural strength –

assume = 0.90
M u  1.2  80 k-ft   1.6  100 k-ft   256 k-ft
256 k-ft
Mn   284.4 k-ft
0.90
c) Try a lever arm of the larger of 0.9d
and d – hf / 2
z  0.9  18 in   16.20 in 
or
4 in
z  18 in   16.00 in
2
43
Example 5.4

d) Estimate the required steel

As f y z  M n
M n  12 in ft   284.4 k 
As    3.51 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   16.20 in 

44
Example 5.4

e) Determine a and re-calculate z

0.85 f c' Ac  As f y
0.85  4 ksi  Ac   3.51 in 2   60 ksi 
Ac  61.9 in 2   4 in   60 in   NA is in the flange
61.9 in 2
a  1.033 in
60 in
a 1.03 in
z  d   18 in   17.48 in
2 2

45
Example 5.4

f) Re-calculate the required steel

As f y z  M n
M n  12 in ft   284.4 k 
As    3.254 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   17.48 in 

46
Example 5.4

g) Determine a and re-calculate z

0.85 f c' Ac  As f y
0.85  4 ksi  Ac   3.25 in 2   60 ksi 
Ac  57.4 in 2   4 in   60 in   NA is in the flange
57.4 in 2
a  0.96 in
60 in
a 0.96 in
z  d   18 in   17.52 in
2 2

47
Example 5.4

h) Re-calculate the required steel

As f y z  M n
M n  12 in ft   284.4 k 
As    3.25 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   17.52 in 
Close enough to previous value

48
Example 5.4

i) Determine the minimum steel

3 f c' 3 4000 psi

As ,min  bw d   12 in   18 in   0.68 in 2
fy 60, 000 psi
200bw d 200  12 in   18 in 
As ,min    0.72 in 2 
fy 60, 000 psi
As  3.25 in 2  0.72 in 2 Ok

49
Example 5.4

j) Compute, t and 

a 0.96 in
c   1.13 in
1 0.85
 d c  18 in  1.13 in 
t     0.003 in in      0.003 in in  
 c   1.13 in 
0.045  0.005
Section is ductile and   0.90 as assumed
As ,reqd  3.25 in 2

50
Example 5.5

Design a T-beam for the floor system shown.

The span is simply supported and has a
length of 18 ft. Use a concrete strength of
3,000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement. MD
= 200 k-ft and ML = 425 k-ft

51
Example 5.5

52
Example 5.5

a) Determine the effective flange width

18 ft
 4 ft  6 in  54 in 
4
15 in  16  3 in   63 in
 6 ft   12 in ft   72 in

53
Example 5.5

b) Compute required flexural strength –

assume = 0.90
M u  1.2  200 k-ft   1.6  425 k-ft   920 k-ft
920 k-ft
Mn   1022 k-ft
0.90
c) Try a lever arm of the larger of 0.9d
and d – hf / 2
z  0.9  24 in   21.60 in
or
3 in
z  24 in   22.5 in 
2
54
Example 5.5

d) Estimate the required steel

As f y z  M n
M n  12 in ft   1022 k 
As    9.08 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   22.5 in 

55
Example 5.5

e) Determine a and re-calculate z

0.85 f c' Ac  As f y
0.85  3 ksi  Ac   9.08 in   60 ksi 
Ac  213.6 in 2   3 in   54 in   162 in 2  NA is below the flange
2  3.44 in 
 162 in 2
 1.5 in  
 51.6 in   3 in 
2 

y 2
 2.28 in
213.7 in
z  24 in  2.28 in  21.72 in

56
Example 5.5

57
Example 5.5

f) Re-calculate the required steel

As f y z  M n
M n  12 in ft   1022 k 
As    9.410 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   21.72 in 

58
Example 5.5
g) Cycle again since steel areas differ significantly
0.85 f c' Ac  As f y
0.85  3 ksi  Ac   9.41 in   60 ksi 
Ac  221.4 in 2   3 in   54 in   162 in 2  NA is below the flange
 3.96 in 
 162 in   1.5 in    59.4 in   3 in  2 
2 2

y 2
 2.43 in
221.4 in
z  24 in  2.43 in  21.57 in
M n  12 in ft   1022 k 
As    9.48 in 2
f y z  60 ksi   21.57 in 
59
Example 5.5

h) Determine the minimum steel

 min  0.00333 See text Appendix Table A.7

As ,min   0.00333  15 in   24 in   1.20 in 2  9.48 in 2 Ok

60
Example 5.5

i) Compute, t and 
a  3 in  3.96 in  6.96 in
a 6.96 in
c   8.19 in
1 0.85
 d c   24 in  8.19 in 
t     0.003 in in      0.003 in in  
 c   8.19 in 
0.0058  0.005
Section is ductile and   0.90 as assumed
As ,reqd  9.480 in 2

61
Example 5.6

Repeat Example 5.5 using the alternate

method.

62
Example 5.6

a) Assume a is in the flange

Mu

 920 k-ft   12 in/ft   1000 lb/k 
 394.4
 bd 0.9  54 in   24 in 
2 2

  0.0072 See text Appendix Table A.12

 f y d 0.0072  60 ksi   24 in 
a   4.06 in  h f  3 in
0.85 f c'
0.85  3 ksi 
Beam is a true T-beam

63
Example 5.6

b) Assume = 0.90 and calculate required

area of steel

0.85  3 ksi   54 in  15 in   3 in 
Asf   4.97 in 2
60 ksi
M uf  0.90  4.97 in 2   60 ksi   24 in  1.5 in   6039 k-in  503 k-ft
M uw  920 k-ft  503 k-ft  417 k-ft

64
Example 5.6

c) Design the steel for the web portion – as a

rectangular beam
M uw

 417 k-ft   12 in/ft   1000 lb/k 
 643.5
 bw d 0.9  15 in   24 in 
2 2

 w  0.0126 See text Appendix Table A.12

Asw  0.0126  15 in   24 in   4.54 in 2
Ast  4.97 in 2  4.54 in 2  9.51 in 2

65
Example 5.6

d) Compute, t and 
 w f y d (0.0126)(60)(24)
a '
  7.12 in
0.85 f c (0.85)(3)
a 7.12 in
c   8.37 in
1 0.85
 d c   24 in  8.37 in 
t     0.003 in in      0.003 in in  
 c   8.37 in 
0.0056  0.005
Section is ductile and   0.90 as assumed
As ,reqd  9.51 in 2
10#9 bars in 2 layers
66
Design of T-Beams for Negative
Moment
Flange is in tension and stem is in compression

Rectangular beam design equations can be

used

ACI Code Section 10.6.6 requires that part of

the top steel be distributed over the
effective flange width or a width equal to
one-tenth of the beam span, whichever is
smaller
67
Design of T-Beams for Negative
Moment

68
Design of T-Beams for Negative
Moment
If the effective flange width is less than one-
tenth of the beam span, additional top
steel must be provided in the outer
portions of the flange

The intent is to minimize flexural cracks in

the top of the section

69
Design of T-Beams for Negative
Moment
ACI Code Section 10.5.1 requires a minimum
amount of steel
3 f c'
according to As ,min  bw d
fy
the following:
but not less than
200bw d
As ,min 
ff

For statically determinate beams with flanges

in tension, bw must be replaced with 2 bw or
the flange width, whichever is smaller
70
Doubly Reinforced Beam

For beams of normal proportions, compression

steel is not normally required for strength
If the size of the beam is restricted, then
compression steel may be required
If compression steel is used, additional
tensile steel must be added if flexural
strength is to be increased. Adding
compression steel only has little effect on
flexural design strength
71
Doubly Reinforced Beam
Adding compression steel increases the
curvature the beam can develop before
failure
Beams with compressive steel are more
ductile
Addition of compression steel reduces long-
term deflections
Compression steel can be used to support
stirrups
72
Doubly Reinforced Beam
ACI Code Section 7.11.1 requires that
compression steel be enclosed by ties or
stirrups or WWF

ACI Code Section 7.10.5.1 requires that ties

or stirrups be at least No 3 bars when the
longitudinal bars are No 10 and smaller,
and No 4 bars when the longitudinal bars
are No 11 and larger

73
Doubly Reinforced Beam
Ties or stirrups may not be spaced further
apart than the smallest of 16 longitudinal
bar diameters, 48 tie bar diameters or the
least dimension of the beam. Refer to ACI
Code Section 7.10.5.2

74
Doubly Reinforced Beam
It is common practice to begin the design
process by assuming any compression steel
has yielded
Creep and shrinkage may cause compression
steel to yield

75
Doubly Reinforced Beam
It is also common practice to split the nominal
flexural design strength into two parts
One part consists of the compression force in
the concrete and the tensile force in part
the tensile steel
The other part consists of the compression
force in the compression steel and the
tensile force in the remainder of the
tensile steel
76
Doubly Reinforced Beam
First part is calculated using:
 a
M n1  As1 f y  d  
 2

The second part is calculated using:

M n 2  As' f y  d  d ' 

If compression steel As 2  As'

yields: T  As 2 f y  C  As' f y
 a
M n  As1 f y  d    As 2 f y  d  d ' 
 2
77
Doubly Reinforced Beam

78
Compression Steel – Evaluation of
Strains
Compression strain must be calculated to
determine if steel yields

To evaluate strain, NA must be located

Location of NA depends on whether

compression steel has yielded

Write an equilibrium equation assuming steel

has yielded
79
Compression Steel – Evaluation of
Strains
Locate NA and compute steel strain

If steel has yielded, finished

If steel has not yielded, rewrite equilibrium

equation

Locate NA and compute steel strain

80
Compression Steel – Evaluation of
Strains
Equilibrium equation and location of NA and
strain, compression steel yielded:

As f y  0.85 f c' 1cb  As' f y

c
 s s  fy
A  A'

0.85 f c' 1b

cd '
 
'
s  0.003
c
81
Compression Steel – Evaluation of
Strains
Equilibrium equation, compression steel not
yielded:
 c  d' 
As f y  0.85 f 1cb  A    0.003 Es
' '
c s
 c 

The equation for c is quadratic. Solve for c

82
Strain Diagram

83
Example 5.7

Determine the flexural design strength of

the beam. Use a concrete strength of
3,000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement.

84
Example
5.7

85
Example 5.7

a) Assume compression steel is yielding and

apply equilibrium of forces
As f y  0.85 f c'b1c  As' f y   6.25 in 2   60 ksi  
0.85  3 ksi   14 in   0.85c    2.00 in 2   60 ksi 

c
 6.25 in 2
 2.00 in 2   60 ksi 
 8.40 in
0.85  0.85   14 in   3 ksi 
a  1c  0.85  8.403 in   7.14 in

86
 Example 5.7
b) Compute the strain in the compression
steel to determine if it is yielding

c  d' 8.40 in  2.50 in

 
'
c  0.003    0.003  0.00211
c 8.40 in
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207  0.00211
Es 29000 ksi
Compression steel has yielded, as assumed

87
Example 5.7

c) Determine the strain in the tensile steel

As 2 
'
A f
s
s
'
 2.00 in 2
  60 ksi   2.00 in 2
fy 60 ksi
As1  As  As 2  6.25 in 2  2.00 in 2  4.25 in 2
d c 24 in  8.403 in
t   0.003   0.003 
c 8.403 in
0.00557  0.005   0.90

88
Example 5.7

d) Calculate the flexural design strength

a 7.14 in
d  24 in   20.43 in; d  d '  24 in  2.5 in  21.5 in
2 2
  a 
 M n    As1 f y  d    As' f s'  d  d '  
  2 
=0.90  4.25 in 2   60 ksi   20.43 in    2.00 in 2   60 ksi   21.5 in  
=7010 k-in  584.2 k-ft

89
Example 5.8

Determine the flexural design strength of

the beam. Use a concrete strength of
4,000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement.

90
Example
5.8

91
Example 5.8

a) Assume compression steel is yielding and

apply equilibrium of forces
As f y  0.85 f c'b1c  As' f y   5.06 in 2   60 ksi  
0.85  4 ksi   14 in   0.85c    1.20 in 2   60 ksi 

c
 5.06 in 2
 1.20 in 2   60 ksi 
 5.72 in
0.85  0.85   4 ksi   14 in 
a  1c  0.85  5.72 in   4.86 in

92
Example 5.8

b) Compute the strain in the compression

steel to determine if it is yielding
c  d' 5.72 in  2.50 in
 
'
s  0.003    0.003  0.00169
c 5.72 in
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207  0.00169
Es 29000 ksi
Compression steel has not yielded,
original assumption is not correct

93
Example 5.8

c) Apply equilibrium, compression steel not

yielded
 c  d '

As f y  0.85 f c'b1c  As'    0.003 Es   5.06 in 2   60 ksi  
 c 
0.85  4 ksi   14 in   0.85c  
 c  2.5 in 
 1.20 in   c   0.003  29000 ksi 
2

Solve the resulting quadratic equation for c

c  6.00 in
a  1c  0.85  6.00 in   5.10 in

94
 Example 5.8

c) Compute
strains c  d'   6.00 in  2.50 in 
 
'
 0.003     0.003  0.00175
and s
 c


 6.00 in
stresses f s'   s' Es  0.00175  29000 ksi   50.75 ksi

As' f s'  1.20 in   50.75 ksi 

2

As 2    1.015 in 2
fy 60 ksi
As1  As  As 2  5.06  1.015  4.045 in 2
d c 24 in  6.00 in
t   0.003   0.003  0.009  0.005
c 6.00 in
  0.90

95
 Example 5.8
d) Calculate the flexural design strength
a 5.10 in
d  24 in   21.45 in
2 2
d  d '  24 in  2.5 in  21.5 in
  a ' 
 M n    As1 f y  d    As f s  d  d  
' '

  2 
=0.90  4.045 in 2   60 ksi   21.45 in    1.20 in 2   50.75 ksi   21.5 in  
=5863 k-in  488.6 k-ft

96
Example 5.9

Design a rectangular for MD = 325 k-ft and ML

= 400 k-ft. The maximum beam dimensions
are shown in the figure. Use a concrete
strength of 4,000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement.

97
Example
5.9

98
Example 5.9

a) Compute required flexural strength –

assume = 0.90

M u  1.2  325 k-ft   1.6  400 k-ft   1030 k-ft

1030 k-ft
Mn   1144 k-ft
0.90

99
Example 5.9
b)Try the maximum permissible tensile steel in
combination with no compression steel
From text table A.7  max  0.0181
As1  0.0181 15 in   28 in   7.60 in 2
Mu
From text table A.13   0.0181;  912.0
 bd 2

M u1  0.9  912.0   15 in   28 in   9, 652, 608 lb-in  804.4 k-ft

2

804.4 k-ft
M n1   893.8 k-ft
0.90
M n2  M n  M n1  1144.4 k-ft  893.8 k-ft  250.6 k-ft

100
Example 5.9
c) Determine if the compression steel has yielded

a
 7.60 in   60 ksi 
2

 8.94 in
0.85  4 ksi   15 in 
a 8.94 in
c   10.52 in
0.85 0.85
 c  d '
  10.52 in  3 in 
s  
'
  0.003      0.003 
 c   10.52 in 
0.00214  0.00207
 Compression steel has yielded

101
 Example 5.9
d) Compute the area
of compression
steel required '
As 
M n2

 12 in/ft   250.6 k-ft 
 2.00 in 2

f y  d  d '   60 ksi   28 in  3 in 
As' f s'  As 2 f y

As' f s'  2.00 in   60 ksi 

2

As 2    2.00 in 2
fy 60 ksi
As  As1  As 2  7.60 in 2  2.00 in 2  9.60 in 2
Try 8 No 10; As  10.12 in 2

102
Example 5.9
e) Area of steel used is larger than the amount
required; compute compressive and tensile strains

As f y  0.85 f c'b1c  As' f y   10.12 in 2   60 ksi  

0.85  4 ksi   15 in   0.85c    2.00 in 2   60 ksi 

c
 10.12 in 2
 2.00 in 2   60 ksi 
 11.24 in
0.85  0.85   4 ksi   15 in 
a  1c  0.85  11.24 in   9.55 in

103
Example 5.9
e) (con’t) Area of steel used is larger than the amount
required; compute compressive and tensile strains

c  d '
11.24 in  3.00 in
 s'   0.003   0.003  0.0022
c 11.24 in
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207  0.0022
Es 29000 ksi
Compression steel has yielded

104
Example 5.9
e) (con’t) Area of steel used is larger than the amount
required; compute compressive and tensile strains

d c 28 in  11.24 in
t   0.003    0.003  0.00447  0.005
c 11.24 in
 The beam is in the transition zone
 250 
  0.65   0.00447  0.002     0.856
 3 

105
Example 5.9
f) Compute the flexural design strength

a 9.55 in
d   28 in   23.225 in
2 2
d  d '  28 in  3.0 in  25 in
  a ' 
 M n    As1 f y  d    As f s  d  d  
' '

  2 
=0.856  8.12 in 2   60 ksi   23.225 in    2.00 in 2   60 ksi   25 in  
=12,250 k-in  1021 k-ft  1030 k-ft  No good

106
Example 5.9
g) Try a larger area of steel for the
compression bars- As’=2.36 in2

As f y  0.85 f c'b1c  As' f y   10.12 in 2   60 ksi  

0.85  4 ksi   15 in   0.85c    2.36 in 2   60 ksi 

c
 10.12 in 2
 2.36 in 2   60 ksi 
 10.74 in
0.85  0.85   4 ksi   15 in 
a  1c  0.85  10.74 in   9.13 in

107
Example 5.9
h) Determine steel strains
c  d' 10.74 in  3.00 in
 
'
s  0.003    0.003  0.0216
c 10.74 in
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207  0.0216
Es 29000 ksi
Compression steel has yielded
d c 28 in  10.74 in
t   0.003   0.003  0.00482  0.005
d 10.74 in
 250 
  0.65   0.00482  0.002     0.885
 3 

108
Example 5.9
i) Compute the flexural design strength

a 9.129 in
d   28 in   23.44 in
2 2
d  d '  28 in  3.0 in  25 in
  a 
 M n    As1 f y  d    As' f s'  d  d '  
  2 
=0.885  7.76 in 2   60 ksi   23.44 in    2.36 in 2   60 ksi   25 in   
=12,790 k-in  1066 k-ft  1030 k-ft  OK

109
Example 5.10

Design a rectangular for MD = 170 k-ft and ML

= 225 k-ft. The maximum beam dimensions
are b =15 in and d = 20 in; d’ = 4 in. Use a
concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade
60 reinforcement.

110
Example 5.10

a) Compute required flexural strength –

assume = 0.90

M u  1.2  170 k-ft   1.6  225 k-ft   564 k-ft

564 k-ft
Mn   626.7 k-ft
0.90

111
Example 5.10
b)Try the maximum permissible tensile steel in
combination with no compression steel
From text table A.7  max  0.0181
As1  0.0181 15 in   20 in   5.430 in 2
Mu
From text table A.13   0.0181;  912.0
 bd 2

M u1  0.9  912.0   15 in   20 in   4,925, 000 lb-in  410.4 k-ft

2

M n1 410.4 k-ft
  456.0 k-ft
0.90 0.90
M n 2  M n  M n1  626.7 k-ft  456.0 k-ft  170.7 k-ft

112
Example 5.10
c) Determine if the compression steel has yielded

a
 5.430 in   60 ksi 
2

 6.39 in
0.85  4 ksi   15 in 
a 6.388 in
c   7.52 in
0.85 0.85
 c  d '
  7.52 in  4 in 
s  
'
  0.003      0.003
 c   7.52 in 
=0.00140  0.00207
 Compression steel has not yielded
f s'   s' Es  0.00140  29000 ksi   40.6 ksi

113
Example 5.10
d) Design the steel
A 
' M n2

 12 in/ft   170.7 k-ft 
 3.15 in 2

f y  d  d '   40.6 ksi   20 in  4 in 

s

As' f s'  As 2 f y

As 2 
'
A f
s s
'

 3.15 in   40.6 ksi 
2

 2.13 in 2

fy 60 ksi
As  As1  As 2  5.43 in 2  2.13 in 2  7.56 in 2
Try 6 No 10; As  7.59 in 2
Actual steel used is close to the required value
Recomputation of c,  t based on actual values not necessary
114