PARTS OF SPEECH

(Eight)
 NOUNS
• DEFINITION:
– A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or
quality.
– EXAMPLES:
– person: a girl, a driver, Kevin etc.
– place: a park, a city, Boston etc.
– thing: tennis balls, milk, a Toyota etc.
– quality: friendship, joy, confidence etc.
 TYPES OF NOUNS
• Common Nouns: • Proper Nouns:
A Common Noun is the A Proper Noun is the
name of any person, name of a specific
place or thing.
person, place or thing.
Examples:
- a princess
Examples:
- a city - Princess Diana
- a day - Los Angeles
- a product - Friday
- A Toyota
• Concrete Nouns: • Abstract Nouns:
\ A concrete noun is a noun An abstract noun names an
that you can perceive with your emotion, idea or quality. An
five senses. This is, you can see it, abstract noun cannot be perceived
hear it, smell it, taste it, or feel with any of the five senses.
(physically touch) it.

Examples: Examples:

- (I saw a) sunset - patience

- (I heard some) cats - childhood
- (I smelled your) cologne - justice
- (I tasted the) doughnut - humor
- (I felt a gentle) breeze - success
Count Nouns: Non- Count Nouns:
A count noun is a noun that A non-count noun is a noun
you can count, which means that that you cannot count. A non-
it has a singular form and a plural count noun has only one form and
form. cannot have a number in front of
it.

Examples: Examples:

- assignment - homework
- fact - information
- machine - machinery
 VERBS
• Definition:
A verb shows an action or being
(existence).

Examples:
- action: run, eat, prepare, destroy, ask
- Being (existence): be (am, is, are, was, were)
 TYPES OF VERBS
1) Regular Verbs: 2) Irregular Verbs:
For regular verbs, the past Irregular verbs use variety of
and past participle forms use the
forms, including the suffixes –en
suffix -ed.
and –ne as well as internal vowel
changes or no change at all.
Example: Examples:
- worked - taken
- robbed - gone
- flashed - sung
- copied - cut
3) Transitive Verbs: 4) Intransitive Verbs:
Transitive verbs must have an Intransitive verbs can never have
object for their action. an object for their actions.

Examples: Examples:

- like - die
- love - occur
- kill - happen
- take - arrive
- make - thrive
- furnish - travel
- persuade
- put
- sense
5) Auxiliary Verbs: 6) Helping Verbs:
Modals are a special category There are eight forms of be
of auxiliary verbs that express that are used as the helping verbs.
feeling, attitudes or opinions in a They can be the main verbs as
verb phrase. Modal verbs are well.
never main verbs. They are
always used with a main verb.

Examples: Examples:
- can/could - is/am/are
- may - Was/were
- might - has/have/had
- must - Do/did/does
- shall/should - Will/shall
- will/would - be/being/been
 PRONOUNS
Definition:
A pronoun is a word that can replace, or
substitute for, a noun.

Examples:
- I, you, he, she, we, they
- me, you, him, her, us, them
- whom, that, who, which
 TYPES OF PRONOUNS
1) Subject Pronoun: 3) Relative Pronoun:
A subject pronoun is a pronoun that A relative pronoun is a pronoun that
can be the subject of a sentence. connects a clause to the rest of the
sentence.
Example:
Example:
I, we, you, they, he, she or it.
who, that, which and whom.

2) Object Pronoun:
4) Indefinite Pronoun:
An object pronoun is a pronoun that An indefinite pronoun does not refer
can be the direct object, indirect to a specific person or thing.
object or object of a preposition. Example:
Examples: anyone, anything, anybody, everyone,
me, you, him, her, it, us or them. everything, everybody, someone,
something, somebody, no one, nothing
or nobody.
5) Reflexive Pronoun: 7) Possessive Pronoun:
A reflexive pronoun is used A possessive pronoun refers
when a word refers to the same to a thing or person and its owner.
subject.
Example: Examples:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, mine, yours, his, hers, ours and
itself, ourselves, yourselves or theirs.
themselves.

6) Demonstrative Pronoun:
A demonstrative pronoun 8) Reciprocal Pronoun:
stands in lieu of a specific thing
Two reciprocal pronouns are
(or person).
one another and each other.
Examples:
this, that, these or those.
 ADJECTIVES
Definition:
An adjective is a word that describes a noun
or a pronoun.

Examples:
happy, honest, some, these, American, tired,
five, many, whose etc.
 TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
1) Qualitative Adjectives: 2) Quantitative Adjectives:
Qualitative adjectives Quantitative adjectives refer
describe the shape, color, size or to the quantity or a number of
manner of a thing or a person. thing or a person.
Examples: Example:
Beautiful, stormy, green etc Many, much, a few, a little, five etc

3) Demonstrative Adjectives: 4) Interrogative adjectives:

Demonstrative adjectives Interrogative adjectives are
are used to point at a person or a used for asking questions.
thing. Examples:
Example: whose, which and what.
this, that, these or those.
5) Participles as Adjectives: 6) Proper Adjectives:
Both present participles (- Proper adjectives are formed
ing) and past participles (-ed) can from proper nouns.
be used as adjectives. Examples:
Examples: Pakistani, Indian, American, French
tired traveller, interesting story etc etc

Note: The correct sequencing of

Adjectives is OSASCOM:
i) opinion ii) size iii) age

iv) Shape v) color

vi) origin vii) material

 ADVERBS
Definition:
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb,
an adjective, or another adverb.

Example:
slowly, downtown, sharply, well, on weekends,
almost, never etc
 TYPES OF ADVERBS
1) Adverbs of Manner:
Adverbs of manner tell how something happens.

Examples:
quickly, skillfully, beautifully, comfortably etc
2) Adverbs of Time: 3) Adverbs of Place:
It tells about ‘when’ It tells about ‘where’
something happens. something happens.
Examples: Examples:
Soon, today, next day etc Somewhere, in hospital, there etc

4) Adverbs of Frequency: 5) Adverbs of Degree:

It tells about ‘how often’ It tells about ‘how much’
something happens. something happens.
Examples: Examples:
Rarely, usually, always, never etc Almost, hardly, very etc
 CONJUNCTIONS
Definition:
A conjunction is a word that connects parts of
a sentence, words, phrases and clauses.

Examples:
FANBOYS
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
1) Coordinating Conjunctions: 2) Subordinating Conjunctions:
A coordinating conjunction A subordinating conjunction
is a word that joins words, is a word that introduces a
phrases or independent clauses. dependent clause and explains its
relationship to the main part of
Example: the sentence.
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, Examples:
so After, because, as, although, etc
3) Conjunctive Adverbs: 4) Correlative Conjunctions:
Conjunctive adverbs are Correlative conjunctions
transitional devices that connects occur in pairs and connect
two main ideas. equivalent sentence parts.

Examples: Examples:
However, likewise, consequently etc Both … and, either … or, neither …
nor, etc
 PREPOSITIONS
Definition:
A preposition is a word that shows the position
or a direction of a noun or a pronoun.

Examples:
on, in, for, from, under, by, before, around etc
 TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS
1) Preposition of Time: 2) Preposition of Place:
A word which is used to A word which is used to
direct a time. direct a place.
Examples: Examples:
at 10:30 , on Monday, etc in the box, on the table, etc

3) Preposition of Movement: 4) Lexical Preposition:

A word which tells about the A preposition that means the
movement of a noun. same what the word actually
Examples: means.
from the office, to the station etc Examples:
across, before, down etc
 INTERJECTION
Definition:
An interjection is a word that expresses
strong feeling or emotion.

Examples:
Wow!, Great!, Gosh!, Ouch! etc