UIE

Academic Unit-1
Bachelor of Engineering (CSE, CSE-IBM, IT)
Engineering Graphics using CAD
MEP-117

PROJECTIONS OF POINTS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 • Space for visual (size 24)

PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS
Course Outcome Will be covered in this
CO Title Level lecture
Number
CO1 Thorough understanding and using the various concepts Remember
and elements of engineering graphics using CAD &
software. Understand
CO2 Understanding fundamentals of CAD (computer aided Understand
drafting)  
CO3 To understand engineering drawing as a formal and Understand
precise way of communicating information about the
shape, size, feature and precision of physical objects.
CO4 Learning the conversion of 2D drawings into 3D and vice Understand
versa.  
CO5 Learning to enhance imagination, visualization, Understand
presentation and interpretation skills.   2
 • Space for visual (size 24)

COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Students may be able to
• Understand the concept of orthographic projections
• Differentiate between different views
• Locate a point in orthographic projections
• Understand the placement of a point in different
quadrants
• Label the projections in different planes
• Understand the concept of reference planes

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 Projection
• View of an object that is visible to the observer from a particular direction
• Projection observed from
o the top is called as Top View
o the front is called as Front View
o the Side is called a Side View
• These types of projections are known as Orthographic Projections as the all the views are
observed at and angle of 90° to each other

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 4

 Concept of Projections
• To draw projections of any point, following information is must
1. Object
2. Observer
3. Plane of Projection

Image Source:
http://ednotebook.hostgator.co.in/theory-of-projection Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 5
 Orthographic Projections
• Type of technical drawing in which different views of an object are projected on different
reference planes
• Views are observed perpendicular to the different reference planes
• All the views are observed at right angles to each other.
• For example front view, top view and side views are drawn by observing perpendicular to each
other.

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 Planes
There are two types of planes
1. Principal Planes:
• Horizontal Plane
• Vertical Plane
• Auxiliary Planes:
2. Auxiliary Inclined Plane
• Auxiliary Vertical Plane
• Profile Plane

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Quadrant System and Reference
Planes
• Observer is assumed to view the object from right side

VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

Animation Source: www.slideshare.net Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 8

Quadrant System and Reference
Planes
• VP stands for Vertical Plane and HP stands for Horizontal Plane
• For every quadrant, HP rotates by 90° clockwise direction and VP remains stationary
• Front View is always drawn on VP, also known as Vertical Projection
• Top View is always drawn on HP, also known as Horizontal Projection

Image Source: www.educationportals.net Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 9

 Notations
• Every projection has a particular notation
• Every object (point, line, plane, etc.) is always represented by upper case letters. For example:
• A for a point
• AB for a line
• ABCD for a plane
• The projections for the different objects are represented as the same alphabet of its name in the
lowercase
• Following are the notations for different projections

S.No Type of Drawn on Notation for object Line AB Plane ABCD

Projection Point A

1 Top View HP a ab abcd

2 Front View VP a’ a’b’ a’b’c’d’
3 Side View PP a” a”b” a”b”c”d”

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 10

Locations of the Point w.r.t. Reference Planes
• As the position of the observer is fixed, the location of the point is determined as follows:
• If point A
o lies above HP and in front of VP the point lies in 1st quadrant
o lies above HP and behind VP, the point lies in 2nd quadrant
o lies below HP and behind VP, the point lies in 3rd quadrant
o lies below HP and in front of VP, the point lies in the 4th quadrant
• First quadrant: V.P is above X-Y line and H.P is below X-Y line
• Second quadrant: V.P and H.P both are above X-Y line
• Third quadrant: H.P is above X-Y line and V.P is below X-Y line
• Fourth quadrant: V.P and H.P both are below X-Y line

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 11

 Locations of the Point w.r.t.
Reference Planes
VP POINT A IN
POINT A IN 1 QUADRANT
ST
2ND QUADRANT VP a’
A A
a’
a
HP OBSERVER

HP OBSERVER

HP OBSERVER HP OBSERVER

POINT A IN
POINT A IN 4TH QUADRANT
a’ a
3RD QUADRANT
A
a’ A
Animation Source: www.slideshare.net 12
Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164
VP
VP
 Projections of Point in 1st
quadrant POINT A ABOVE HP
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For TV
For TV

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For TV

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
For
A F V
For Y Y
Y F a’
V a
a
X a X X A For
F V

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
FV above XY, OF ALL ABOVE CASES. FV on XY,
TV below XY.
TV below XY.
VP FV above XY,
VP
TV on XY.
a’ VP

X Y a’ a’
X Y

a X a Y
a
HP
HP
Animation Source: www.slideshare.net
HP Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164
 Assessment Pattern
S.NO. ELEMENTS MARKS

1 Lab. MST 15

2 Exercises 1 to 10 30 Marks each ( Total 300 converted to 45)

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 Applications
• Projection of points are applicable for fitting of bulbs in the buildings.
• These are also used for the installation of towers and poles.

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 15

 Frequently Asked Questions
• What is orthographic projection?
• What are the basic requirements in order to draw projections?
• On which plane is front view drawn?
• How will be the front view of point A represented?
• What is the position of object in 3rd angle projection?

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 16

 Recommended Books
• Rhodes R.S, Cook L.B; Basic Engineering Drawing, Pitman Publishers,
• Rana and Shah; Engineering Drawing, Pearson Education India Publishers.
• Jolhe D.A; Engineering Drawing: With an Introduction to AutoCAD,  Tata McGraw Hill
• Gill P.S; Engineering Drawing, S.K. Kataria and Sons Publications.
• Dhawan R. K; Engineering Drawing, S. Chand and Sons Publishers.

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 17

 References
• Engineering Drawing by P. S. Gill
• Engineering Drawing by Dr. R. K. Dhawan
• Engineering Drawing and Computer Graphics by Harwinder Singh
• www.educationportals.net
• http://ednotebook.hostgator.co.in/theory-of-projection
• https://www.slideshare.net/kashyapshah11/projection-of-lines-12770216

Engineering Graphics and Drawing MET-164 18

THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]