Scribd
Upload
93 views

Uman Digestive System Structure and Function: Anam Farzand

The human digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid digestion are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Food is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through the GI tract, with digestion and absorption occurring at different locations along the way.

Uploaded by

Tahir Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
93 views

Uman Digestive System Structure and Function: Anam Farzand

The human digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid digestion are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Food is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through the GI tract, with digestion and absorption occurring at different locations along the way.

Uploaded by

Tahir Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

ANAM FARZAND
OVERVIEW

• Major organs
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 small intestine
 large intestine
• Acessory organs:
 Liver
 gall bladder
 Pancreas.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The process of reducing food into smaller molecules that can
be absorbed into the body
Digestive system consists of 2 major parts
Major organs Acessory organs:
 Mouth  Liver
 Esophagus  Gall bladder
 Stomach  Pancreas.
 small intestine

 large intestine.
MAJOR ORGANS
THE MOUTH
pH: 7
 The first part of the digestive system

 the entry point of food.


 Structures in the mouth that aids digestion

Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.


Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
• moistens the food
• contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase) begins
digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
 Mechanical digestion.

 increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.


 The Esophagus
 a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

 running through the Thoracic cavity.


Location:
 lies behind windpipe (Trachea).

o The trachea has as an epiglottis

o preventing food from entering the windpipe,

o moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.


 Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary
rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
 Function:
• The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
• lubricating
• to support the movement of food.
 ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER:
• bolus reaches the stomach
• must pass through a muscular ringed
valve called the esophageal
sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
• prevent stomach acids from back
flowing into the esophagus.
 STOMACH
 J-shaped muscular sac
 Has inner folds (rugae)
 Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
 Stomach performs mechanical digestion
 secreted by the lining of the stomach.

 GASTRIC JUICES
HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
 HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came
 along with the food.
 The bolus is now called Chyme.

ENZYMES IN STOMACH:
 Acidic environment
 HCl secreation
 kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
 creating a pH of 2.
 Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
 Pepsin secreation
 responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
 hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
 pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking
down carbohydrates.
 Pyloric sphincter:
 chyme moves from the
stomach to the small
intestine.
 It passes through a muscular
ringed sphincter called the pyloric
sphincter.
 SMALL INTESTINE
 Responsible for the complete digestion of all
macromolecules
 The absorption of their component molecules E.g
 Glucose
 Glycerol
 Fatty acids
 Amino acids
 Nucleotides
PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
 The small intestine is made up of three parts
 Duodenum
 Jejunum
 Ileum
1.DUODENUM
 The first part is the duodenum, U-shaped organ.
 Approximately 30 cm in length.
 This area completes most of the digestion processes.
 Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum form the pancreas and the gall
bladder. The duodenum is lined by folds of tissue called villi.
 The villi are covered by fine brush-like microvilli.
 These folds increase the surface area of the small intestine increase the rate of
absorption.
2.JEJUNUM
 The jejunum is approximately 2.5 m long.
 Although some digestion is completed here, it has more villi and microvilli;
its role is absorption o nutrients
3.Ileum
o The ileum, is approximately 3m long.
o has fewer villi and microvilli than the other two parts.
o Although absorption also occurs here, it is responsible for pushing the waste
materials into the large intestine.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs
 Other 10% taking place in the stomach and large intestine.
 The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and
minerals from food.

Digestion of proteins
 Proteins, peptides and amino acids are acted upon by enzymes such as trypsin
and chymotrypsin, secreted by the pancreas. This breaks them down to smaller
peptides.
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
 Enzymes, like lipases secreted from the pancreas, act on fats and lipids in diet.
 lipase can break them into the smaller parts that can enter the intestinal villi
for absorption.
Digestion of carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars and monosaccharides like
glucose.
 Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates
to oligosaccharides as well.
 Some carbohydrates and fibers pass undigested to the large intestine where
they may, depending on their type, be broken-down by intestinal bacteria.
ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINES
 Other absorbed substances in the small intestines
include:
1.Water
 80% is absorbed by the small intestine
 10% by the large intestine
remaining 10% excreted in the feces.
2.Electrolytes 3.Vitamins and minerals
LARGE INTESTINE
(parts & function )
COMPONENTS OF LARGE INTESTINE
 The large intestine is composed of several very distinctive
parts:
 Cecum:
 Colon:. The colon consists of four parts:
 Ascending colon
 Transverse colon
 Descending colon
 Sigmoid colon
 Rectum
CECUM
 first section of your large intestine
 looks like a pouch,
 two inches long.
ROLE
 taking in digested liquid from the
ileum(small intestine) &
 passes it on to the colon.
COLON :
 major section of the large intestine
 Function:
 the principal place for water reabsorption,
 absorbs salts when needed.
 Components :
 The colon consists of 4 parts:
 Ascending colon
 Transverse colon
 Descending colon
 Sigmoid colon
COMPONENTS OF COLON
Ascending colon:
 1st portion of the colon
 pushes any undigested debris up from the cecum
 just under the right lower end of the liver.
Transverse colon:
 2nd portion of the colon
 Food traveling from left to right just under
your stomach.
Descending colon:
 3rd portion of colon

 pushes its contents from down to the lower left side


of your abdomen
Sigmoid colon:
 final

 S-shaped length of the colon,

 empties into the rectum.


RECTUM
 The final section
 measures from 1 to 1.6 inches (or 2.5 to 4 cm).
 Leftover waste collects there
 expanding the rectum
 emptied through anus
FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE
1. Absorb Water
 One of the primary functions is to absorb water
 prepare the waste as a solid stool that will be expelled from the body.
2. Absorb Vitamin
 beneficial bacteria
 role in breaking down undigested sugars and fibers into fatty acids.
 produce many vitamins, of which are Vitamin K and Biotin that
are absorbed back into the body.
3. Reduce Acidity
o The fatty acids cause acidic environment.
o The LI produces alkaline solutions
o reduce the acidity and balance the pH in the LI

4.Protect from Infections


o The mucous lining of the large intestine acts as a protective layer
o prevents harmful bacteria from being reabsorbed into the body.

5. Produce Antibodies
o Also produces antibodies help to boost immunity.
o It is believed that the appendix may have been a

major producer of antibodies at some point in the


evolutionary process
 THE ACCESSORY ORGANS:
 Support the digestive system BUT are not part of the digestive tract
 These organs secrete fluids into the digestive tract, and are connect by
ducts.
 The accessory organs include
 liver
 gall bladder
 pancreas.
1.LIVER
 largest of these organs
 mass of about 1.5 kg.
 liver produces bile
Bile
 greenish yellow pigment made up bile pigments and bile salts
 it breaksdown old red blood cells.
2.GALL BLADDER
 a storage sac.
 The bile is secreted into it
 The bile is stored here.
HOW IT WORKS
 food containing fat enters the digestive tract
 salts are secreted into the small intestine to digest fats.
 The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food
 thereby assisting their absorption
3.PANCREAS
 The pancreas secretes a number of different enzymes into the small intestine]
 Role is to digest
carbohydrates lipids &
proteins completely.
 It also secretes
bicarbonate ions
Role:
neutralize the HCl from the
stomach change the pH of the
small intestine to a Ph of 8.
 The pancreas will secrete
about 1.0 L. of pancreatic
fluids per
d
a
y
.

You might also like