Chapter 4

Internet of Things

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 Overview of IOT
O The most important features of IoT include:
O Artificial intelligence: IoT essentially makes virtually anything
“smart
O Connectivity: IoT creates small networks between its system devices
O Sensors:IoT loses its distinction without sensors
O Active engagement: IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product,or service engagement
O Small devices use: devices have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time.

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 What Is IoT?
O IoT has different definitions according to different scholars:
O The Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB): IoT is the networking of smart
objects. i.e. a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in the
presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly operated by human
beings but exist as components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
O The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): IoT is the networking of
smart objects in which smart objects have some constraints such as limited
bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.

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O The IEEE: IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in
the presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
O The Oxford dictionary: IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s
computing devices through the Internet that enables the sending and
receiving of useful data.
O IoT according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a
simple formula such as:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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O Generally: IoT is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which
enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
O IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human to human
or human to computer interaction.
O IoT is the network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data
over the internet without any human intervention.

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 Application Areas Of IoT
O IoT has found its application in several areas such as:
O Connected industry
O Smart-city
O smart-home
O Smart-energy
O Connected car
O Smart agriculture
O Connected building and campus
O Health care
O Logistics etc.
O IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and
integration within a system
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 How does IoT work?
O an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists
of hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.
O Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:
sensing, network, data processing, and application layers
1. Sensing Layer : The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify
any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data from the
real world.
O Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the primary
features of IoT devices.
O Consists of the following types
O Motion Sensors; Environmental Sensors; Position sensors(GPS);
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2. Network Layer: The network layer acts as a communication channel
to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.
O Implemented by using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.
3. Data Processing Layer: consists of the main data processing unit
of IoT devices.
O takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to make
decisions based on the result.
O is layer may share the
O result of data processing with other connected devices via the
network layer
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4. Application Layer: This layer implements and presents the
results of the data processing layer to accomplish applications of IoT
devices.
OIt is a user-centric layer that executes
various tasks for the users.
O IoT applications includes smart transportation,
O smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc

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Advantages of IOT Disadvantages of IOT
O Improved Customer O Hacker could steal confidential
Engagement information increases.
O Technology Optimization O It’s difficult for devices from different
O Reduced Waste manufacturers to communicate with each
O Enhanced Data Collection other.
O managing the data from all devices will
be challenging.

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 Challenges of IoT
O IoT delivers an impressive set of advantages, it also presents a significant
set of challenges.
O Security : IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating
over networks.
O Privacy: The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme
detail without the user's active participation
O Complexity: IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance.
O Flexibility: Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another.
O Compliance: IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply
with regulations.

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 Applications of IoT
O Agriculture: IoT makes monitoring and management of microclimate conditions
O Consumer Use: IoT devices such as wearables and smart homes make life easier
O Healthcare: First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their
patients’ health at home reducing hospital stays
O Manufacturing: RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a product
from its start on the factory floor to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply
chain from start to finish.
O Transportation- self driving cars, airplanes etc.
O Utilities: IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and lighting.
O Insurance: Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT
wearables such as Fitbit.
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 IoT Based Smart Home
O Smart home: used to remotely manage and monitor different home devices from
anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no physical distance limitations.
O Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid
accidents and save energy.
O Weather Displays: weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind
speed and rain levels
O Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely,
O Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems
O Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
O Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring

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End of chapter four

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