• Lesson 3

Introduction to
Networking Concepts
Lesson 3
Skills Matrix
Technology Skill Objective Domain Objective #
Configuring the DHCP Configure Dynamic Host 1.2
Server Role Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Each host must have an Internet Protocol (IP) address
and a subnet mask, and if communicating outside the
local subnet, each must also have a default gateway.
• Each IP address must be valid and unique within the
host’s internetwork.
• Manually managing IP addresses is a complex
tedious task.
• The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
simplifies this process by automating the assigning,
tracking, and reassigning of IP addresses.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• DHCP is based heavily on BOOTP.
• DHCP can dynamically allocate an IP address
from a pool of addresses and then reclaim it
when it is no longer needed.
• Because this process is dynamic, no duplicate
addresses are assigned by a properly
configured DHCP server, and administrators
can move computers between subnets without
manually configuring them.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Each Microsoft Windows Server 2008 edition
(the Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, and
Datacenter Edition) include the DHCP Server
service.
• DHCP is an optional installation.
• All Microsoft Windows clients automatically
install the DHCP Client service as part of
TCP/IP, including Windows Server 2008,
Windows Server 2008, Microsoft Windows
Vista, and Microsoft Windows XP.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Four Key benefits to DHCP:
– Centralized administration of IP configuration.
– Dynamic host configuration.
– Seamless IP host configuration.
– Flexibility and scalability.
DHCP Terminology
• DHCP client - A computer that obtains its
configuration information from DHCP.
• DHCP server - A computer that provides
DHCP configuration information to multiple
clients.
– The IP addresses and configuration information
that the DHCP server makes available to the
client are defined by the DHCP administrator.
DHCP Terminology
• DHCP lease - This defines the duration for
which a DHCP server assigns an IP address to
a DHCP client.
– The lease duration can be any amount of time
between 1 minute and 999 days, or it can be
unlimited.
– The default lease duration is eight days.
DHCP Messages
• All DHCP messages are carried in User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams using
the well-known port numbers 67 (from the
server) and 68 (to the client).
• UDP operates at the Transport Layer of the
OSI model and is a low-overhead protocol
because it does not use any type of packet
acknowledgement.
DHCP Messages
DHCP Lease Renewal
DHCP Relay Agent
• DHCP relies heavily on broadcast messages.
• Broadcast messages are generally limited to the
subnet in which they originate and are not forwarded
to other subnets.
• A DHCP relay agent is either a host or an IP router
that listens for DHCP (and BOOTP) client messages
being broadcast on a subnet and then forwards those
DHCP messages to a DHCP server.
• The DHCP server sends DHCP response messages
back to the relay agent, which then broadcasts them
onto the subnet for the DHCP client.
• Using DHCP relay agents eliminates the need to have
a DHCP server on every subnet.
DHCP Relay Agent
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
• If the DHCP client is unable to locate a DHCP server
and is not configured with an alternate configuration,
the computer configures itself with a
169.254.0.0/255.255.0.0 address.
• The auto-configured computer then tests to verify that
the IP address it has chosen is not already in use by
using a gratuitous ARP broadcast.
• If the chosen IP address is in use, the computer
randomly selects another address. The computer
makes up to 10 attempts to find an available IP
address.
Installing the DHCP Server Role
• Adding the DHCP server role is largely
wizard-driven via the Server Manager console
and allows you to configure basic DHCP
settings at the same time that you install the
role.
• To add DHCP Server Role on a Server Core
Installation of Windows Server 2008, use the
following command:
Start /w ocsetup DHCPServerCore
Authorizing a DHCP Server
• In implementations of DHCP prior to Windows 2000,
any user could create a DHCP server on the network,
an action that could lead to conflicts in IP address
assignments.
• In Windows Server 2000 and later, an unauthorized
DHCP server (also referred to as a rogue DHCP
server) is simply a DHCP server that has not been
explicitly listed in the Active Directory Domain
Service as an authorized server.
• You must authorize a DHCP server in Active
Directory before the server can issue leases to DHCP
clients.
Authorizing a DHCP Server
• Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete on the Windows Server 2008
computer.
• In the DHCP console, right-click DHCP and then
click Manage Authorized Servers.
• In the Manage Authorized Servers dialog box, select
Authorize.
• In the Authorize DHCP Server dialog box, key the
name or IP address of the DHCP server to be
authorized and then click OK.
• The computer will list the IP and full computer name
and then ask for confirmation.
– Click OK to continue.
DHCP Scope
• Determines which IP addresses are allocated to
clients.
• Defines a set of IP addresses and associated
configuration information that can be supplied to a
DHCP client.
• A scope must be defined and activated before DHCP
clients can use the DHCP server for dynamic TCP/IP
configuration.
• You can configure as many scopes on a DHCP server
as needed for your network environment.
DHCP Scope
• The IP addresses defined in a DHCP scope
must be contiguous and are associated with a
subnet mask.
– If the addresses you want to assign are not
contiguous, you must create a scope
encompassing all the addresses you want to
assign and then exclude specific addresses or
address ranges from the scope.
– You can create only one scope per subnet on a
single DHCP server.
DHCP Scope
Available Address Pool
• Once a DHCP scope is defined and exclusion
ranges are applied, the remaining addresses
form what is called an available address pool
within the scope.
• Pooled addresses can then be dynamically
assigned to DHCP clients on the network.
Superscope
• A DHCP superscope is an administrative
grouping of scopes that is used to support
multinets, or multiple logical subnets
(subdivisions of an IP network) on a single
network segment (a portion of the IP
internetwork bounded by IP routers).
• Superscopes contain only a list of member
scopes or child scopes that can be activated
together.
DHCP Reservation
• Network administrators can use DHCP reservations
for DHCP-enabled hosts that need to have static IP
addresses on your network.
• Reservations must be created within a scope and must
not be excluded from the scope.
• An IP address is set aside, or reserved, for a specific
network device that has the Media Access Control
(MAC) address (the hard-coded hexadecimal
hardware address associated with a Network Interface
Card) associated with that IP address.
DHCP Reservation
• You can find the MAC address with the
ipconfig /all command.
DHCP Reservation
DHCP Options
• DHCP options are additional client-
configuration parameters that a DHCP server
can assign when serving leases to DHCP
clients.
• DHCP options are configured using the DHCP
console and can apply to scopes and
reservations.
DHCP Options
DHCP Options
• DHCP options can be assigned to all scopes, one
specific scope, or to a specific machine
reservation.
DHCP Options
• There are four types of DHCP options in Windows
Server 2008:
– Server options apply to all clients of the DHCP server.
Use these options for parameters common across all
scopes on the DHCP server.
– Scope options apply to all clients within a scope and
are the most often used set of options. Scope options
override server options.
– Class options provide DHCP parameters to DHCP
clients based on type — either vendor classes or user
classes.
– Client options apply to individual clients. Client
options override all other options (server, scope, and
class).
Backup and Restore the DHCP Database
• Windows Server 2008 DHCP servers support
automatic and manual backups.
• To provide fault tolerance in the case of a failure, it is
important to back up the DHCP database.
– This enables you to restore the database from the
backup copy if the hardware fails.
• To backup, right-click the server in the DHCP
console and click Backup.
• To restore the DHCP database, right-click the server
and click Restore.
Summary
• DHCP is a simple, standard protocol that
makes TCP/IP network configuration much
easier for the administrator by dynamically
assigning IP addresses and providing
additional configuration information to DHCP
clients automatically.
• Additional configuration information is
provided in the form of options and can be
associated with reserved IPs to a vendor or
user class, to a scope, or to an entire DHCP
server.
Summary
• Because DHCP is a key component in your
organization, you must manage and monitor it.
• DHCP management consists of backing up and
restoring the database as well as reconciling,
compacting, and, in some cases, removing the
database.
• APIPA is useful for providing addresses to
single-segment networks that do not have a
DHCP server.