INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

BASIC ENGINE CYCLE

Prepared by:

Abdi Samad Mohamed Aweys ID: 31

Abdi Rizak Abukar Salad ID:10

Abdullahi Hassan Adam ID:39

WHAT IS STROKE?
 Reciprocating motion used in reciprocating
engines and other mechanism.
 Is back and forth motion
 Each cycle reciprocation consists of two opposite
motions: there is a motion in one direction, and
then a motion back in the opposite direction. Each
of these is called a stroke
WHAT IS TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE?
 A two stroke engine : is an internal combustion
engine that completes the process cycle in one
revolution of the crankshaft. Thus one power
stroke is obtained in each revolution of the crank
shaft.
 A four stroke engine: is an internal combustion
engine that completes the process cycle in two
revolution of the crankshaft. Thus one power
stroke is obtained in each two revolutions of the
crank shaft.
WORKING PRINCIPLES OF ENGINES
Four stroke spark ignition Engine

 In a four stroke engine the cycle of operations is completed in

four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft.
During the four strokes, there are five events to be completed:
suction, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. Each
stroke consists of 180 degree of crankshaft rotation and hence the
four stroke cycle is completed through 720 degree of crankshaft
rotation. The cycle of operation for ideal four stroke SI engine
consists of the following four strokes: i) Suction or intake stroke
ii) compression stroke iii) expansion or power stroke iv) exhaust
stroke
 Each cylinder of a four stroke engine completes the above four
operations in two engine revolutions, one revolution of the
crankshaft occurs during the suction and compression strokes and
the second revolutions during the power and exhaust strokes.
CONTINUE
 Suction or intake stroke: suction stroke starts when the piston
is at the top dead centre and about to move down wards. The
inlet valve is open at this time and the exhaust valve is closed.
Due to the suction created by the motion of the piston towards
the BDC, the charge consisting of fuel air mixture is drawn into
the cylinder. When the piston reaches the BDC the suction stroke
ends and inlet valve closes.
 Compression stroke: the charge taken into the cylinder during
the suction stroke is compressed by the return stroke of the
piston. During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are in
closed position.
 Due to compression, the pressure and temperature are increased.
Just before the end of this stroke the spark - plug initiates a
spark, which plug initiates a spark, which ignites the mixture and
combustion takes place at constant volume.
 At the end of combustion stroke the mixture is ignited with the
help of spark plug that located on the cylinder head.
 Expansion or power stroke: the high pressure of the burnt
gases forces the piston towards the bottom dead centre. Both
the valves are in closed position. Of the four strokes only
during this stroke power is produced. Both pressure and
temperature decrease during expansion.
 Exhaust stroke: at the end of the expansion stroke the
exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve remains closed. The
piston travels from BDC to TDC pushes out the products of
combustion.
 The greater part of the burnt gases escapes because of their
own expansion
 The operations are repeated over and over again in running
the engine. Thus a four stroke engine completes one
working cycle, during this the crank rotate by two
revolutions.
 Four stroke compression ignition Engine
 The four stroke CI engine is similar to the four stroke SI engine
but it operates at a much higher compression ratio. The
compression ratio of an SI engine is between 6 and 10 while for a
CI engine is it from 16 to 20.
 Suction stroke: air alone is inducted during the suction stroke.
During this stroke intake valve is open and exhaust valve is closed
 Compression stroke: air inducted during suction stroke is
compressed into the clearance volume. During this stroke both
inlet and exhaust valves are in closed position.
 Expansion stroke: During this stroke, the inlet valve remains
closed and the exhaust valve opens. The greater part of the burnt
gases escapes because of their own expansion. Both the valves are
in closed position.
 Exhaust stroke: at the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust
valve opens and the inlet valve remains closed. The piston travels
from BDC to TDC pushes out the products of combustion.
 TWO STROKE ENGINE

 In two stroke engines the cycle is completed in one

revolution of the crankshaft. two strokes are sufficient to
complete the cycle, one for compressing the fresh charge
and the other for expansion or power stroke.
 In two stroke cycle engines, the suction and exhaust strokes
are. There are only two remaining strokes i.e., the
compression stroke and power stroke and these are usually
called upward stroke and downward stroke respectively.
 Upward Stroke : During the upward stroke, the piston
moves from bottom dead center to top dead center,
compressing the air-petrol mixture in the cylinder.
 The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber. Due to
upward movement of the piston, a partial vacuum is created
in the crankcase, and a new charge is drawn into the crank
case through the uncovered inlet port.
 The exhaust port and transfer port are covered when the
piston is at the top dead center position. The compressed
charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark
provided by the spark plug.
 Downward Stroke: As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot
gases force the piston to move downwards, rotating the
crankshaft, thus doing the useful work. During this stroke
the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is
compressed in the crank case.
 Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first
the exhaust port and then the transfer port. The burnt gases
escape through the exhaust port. As soon as the transfer port
opens, the compressed charge from the crankcase flows into
the cylinder. The charge is deflected upwards by the hump
provided on the head of the piston and pushes out most of
the exhaust gases.
 It may be noted that the incoming air-petrol mixture helps
the removal of burnt gases from the engine cylinder. If in
case these exhaust gases do not leave the cylinder, the fresh
charge gets diluted and efficiency of the engine will
decrease. The cycle of events is then repeated.
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