Basics of networking

 Network and its uses.

 Types of Networks
 Network Topologies
 Internet
 OSI and TCP/IP models
 Protocol
 Basics of Networking.
Network : A network connects computers so they can
communicate, exchange information, and share resources.

Networks let multiple users access shared data, programs,

and hardware instantly. The main benefits of using a
network are:

• Simultaneous access

• Personal communication

• Easier backup
 The Uses of Network.
Simultaneous access to data, programs,
And devices

• In organizations, many people may need to use the

same data or programs. A network solves this
problem.

• Shared data and programs can be stored on a central

network server. A server that stores data files may be
called a file server.

• Because peripheral (external) devices like printers can

be expensive, it is cost-effective to connect a device to a
network so users can share it.
 The Uses of Network.
Personal communication

• One of the most common uses of networks is for

electronic mail (e-mail).

• An e-mail system enables users to exchange written

messages (often with data files attached) across the
local network or over the internet.

• Two other popular network-based communications

systems are teleconferencing and videoconferencing.
 The Uses of Network.
Easier backup

• Networks enables to easily back up (make backup

copies of) important data.

• Administrators commonly back up shared data files

stored on the server, but may also use the network to
back up files on users' PCs.
 Business Applications of Networks

 Client – server model

 Example - A network with two clients and one
server.
 Business Applications of Networks

 The client-server model involves requests and

replies.
 Home Network Applications

 In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients

and servers.
 Types of Networks.
• Local area networks (LANs)

• Wide area networks (WANs)

• Metropolitan-area network (MAN)

• Client/server networks

• Peer-to-peer networks

• Wireless networks
 Local Area Networks(LANs)

• A LAN is a network whose computers are located

relatively near one another. The nodes may be
connected by a cable, infrared link, or small
transmitters.

• A network transmits data among computers by

breaking it into small pieces, called packets.

• Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs

how packets are configured and transmitted.
 Network Topologies for LANs

Local area networks are configured in 3 basic

Topologies. A network's topology is the layout of the
cables and devices that connect the nodes. Each
Connection on the network is known as a node.

These topologies are:

• Star
• Bus
• Ring
 S erv er

A star topology connects all the nodes directly to the

Server or to a connecting device such as a hub.
 S erv er

All nodes on a bus topology are connected to a

Central line or backbone.
A bus technology called Ethernet has become the industry
standard for local-area networks
 S erv er

Nodes on a ring topology are connected in a closed

Loop. This means that each node has two connections,
One in and another out. Using this type of topology
The data must travel through all the nodes.
 Mesh Topology

 A type of network setup where each of the computers and

network devices are interconnected with one another,
allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if
one of the connections go down. This type of topology is
not commonly used for most computer networks as it is
difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to
every computer. However, this type of topology is
commonly used for wireless networks.
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices

such as bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable
them to share data.

• A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The

LANs can be many miles apart.
 ROUTER ROUTER

Significant SERVER
SERVER geographical
distance

LAN 1 LAN 2

WAN
 Metropolitan-area Network (MAN)

• The communication infrastructures that have been

developed in and around large cities
 Peer-to-peer Networks

A peer-to-peer network requires the computers to be

connected to each other by a network cable, usually
an “unshielded twisted pair” cable known as “CAT 5”.
Connecting more then two computers require the
use of a network hub as transmission link as shown.

Peer-to-Peer Network

Hub
 Client/server Networks

A client/server network uses a computer known as

the server to manage the network and control access
to resources. The computers can be connected using
various types of cable including CAT 5, coaxial and fiber
optical.

Server : A server is a computer that handles requests for

data, email, file transfers, and other network services
from other computers (i.e., clients).
 C lie n t / S e r v e r N e t w o r k

Hub

N e tw o rk S e rv e r
 Wireless Networks

 Network connections can also be made using RADIO

transmission – wireless.
 Allows user to stay connected to their home/office
network using portable PC or PDA or may be cell
phone.
 Two technologies that use wireless networking –
Bluetooth (for home or small office use) and wireless
Ethernet.
 Internet
 A world-wide network that is a collection of thousands
of smaller networks tied together around the globe by a
vast array of network equipment and communication
methods.

 A common form of internet is a collection of LANs

interconnected by a WAN

 An internet is formed when distinct networks are

interconnected
 http://www.howstuff.com/long/9e/main.html

Access
Method
Or
Domain Directory Filename
Protocol
Name
 Internet Connections

 Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks

that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies such as
AT&T, GTE, and IBM
 Internet service provider (ISP) A company that
provides other companies or individuals with
access to the Internet
 Each network has a unique network address.

 Computers, or hosts, are connected to a network. Each

host has a unique ID within its network.

 Each process running on a host is associated with zero or

more port numbers.

 A port number is a logical entity for data transmission.

 Ports

Any server machine makes its services available to the internet using numbered ports, one for each
service that is available on the server.

Some common ports:

Echo 7
Daytime 13
Qotd 17 (quote of the day)
Ftp 21
Telnet 23
Smtp 25 (simple mail transfer, meaning e-mail)
Time 37
Nameserver 42
Nicname 43 (who is)
Gopher 70
Finger 79
Www 80
 The OSI Model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) – Network architecture
based on a proposal developed by ISO (International
Standards Organization) to standardize the protocols used
in various layers
1. Physical Layer - Transmitting raw bits over
communication channel.
2. Data Link Layer- Transform the raw transmission
facility (offered by the physical layer) into a line that
appears free of undetected transmission errors to the
network layer.
3. Network layer- Controls the operation of the subnet
4. Transport layer- Accepts data from the above layer,
split it into smaller units and pass them to the network
layer. Ensures that those pieces arrive correctly at the
other end
5. Session layer- Allows users on different machines to
establish sessions between them
6. Presentation layer- It is not concerned with moving
bits around, but with checking the syntax and semantics
of data that is being moved by the layers
7. Application Layer :

– The application layer contains a number of different

protocols and applications that are needed by the
users.
– A good example of widely used application protocol
is HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), which is the
basis for Wide World Web distributed system.
– When a browser wants a page, it sends the name of
the page, to a web server, using HTTP protocol
– Other application: FTP, e-Mail, news, etc…
 TCP/IP Model

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite is a set

of network protocols which supports a four-layer network architecture.
It is currently the protocol suite employed on the Internet.

A p p lic a t io n la y e r A p p lic a t io n la y e r

T r a n s p o r t la y e r T r a n s p o r t la y e r

I n t e r n e t la y e r I n t e r n e t la y e r

P h y s ic a l la y e r P h y s ic a l la y e r

T h e I n te r n e t n e tw o r k a r c h ite c tu r e
 The Internet/network layer implements the Internet
Protocol, which provides the functionalities for allowing
data to be transmitted between any two hosts on the
Internet.
 The Transport layer implements TCP, and delivers the
transmitted data to a specific process running on an
Internet host.
 The Application layer supports the programming interface
used for building a program.
 Physcal layer –Transmits bits over communication
channel.
 Internet Protocol

The internet protocol (IP) is the protocol by which

data is sent from one computer to another on the
internet. Each computer on the internet has at least
one address that uniquely identifies it from all
other computers on the internet. IP is a
connectionless protocol, which means that there is
no established connection between the end points
that are communicating.
 Internet Protocol

Format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four

numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For
example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
For a computer this looks like this :
1111011.00010111.00100010.10011100

The four numbers in the IP address are called octets since they consist
of 8 binary bits each.
The octets are split into two sections
1. NET : The Net always contains the first octet
2. HOST :The Host always contains the last octet. It identifies the
actual computer on the network.
IP networks were originally subdivided into
class A, B, C, D and E networks.

Classes Start End Number of Hosts/network

Networks
A 1.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 126 16 million

B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 16,382 64K

C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 2 million 254

D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Multicast

E 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255 Reserved

 Computer Network-hardware

 Servers
– Used in client/server network.
– Manages and controls the network.
 Hubs & routers
– Manages traffic for a network.
– Hubs connect the nodes to each other.
– Routers direct the network traffic to other networks
(internet) or to other segments of the same network
not located nearby.
 Cable or connection media
– Cable i.E. Shielded/unshielded twisted pair (CAT5),
coaxial, fiber optics etc.
– Wireless media.
 Network Software

A network operating system (NOS) is the group of

programs that manages the resources on a network.

Common network operating systems for pc-based

networks include:

• Novell NetWare
• Microsoft windows NT server
• Microsoft windows 2000
• AppleShare
• Linux
Thanks…