INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER GRAPH Unit One

ICS 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR

WHAT IS COMPUTER GR
APHICS?
The algorithms and hardware required to produce realistic a
nd/or useful images on a computer
Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on compute
r screens with the help of programming
It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data
In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rend
ering tool for the generation and manipulation of images

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 i t i on
e fi n
j ec t D Geometric Representation
Ob
Transformation

Scan Conversion

Alias Effect

Anti Aliasing

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WHAT IS COMPUTER GR
APHICS?
Projection

Hidden Surface removal

Local Illumination model

Global Illumination model

Surface Texture

Shadow Generation

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS PR
OCESS

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 APPLICATIONS OF COMP
UTER GRAPHICS

Simulation Design Display of Informatio

n
Computer Art Entertainment
Education and Traini
ng
…
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GRAPHS AND CHARTS
Graphs and Charts are widely used for visualizing relationshi
ps and trends in scientific, mathematical, financial, economi
c data, and others
 E.g. FusionChart, Microsoft Excel

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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIG
N (CAD)
CAD and CADD involve using a computer application to ena
ble designers to construct and visualize 3-D models
They are commonly used in fields such as architecture, engin
eering and circuit design
 Application program example: AutoCAD

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is a similar concept

to CAD, except CAM is linked to the manufacturing process
 i.e. the application will directly control, via a hardware communication lin
k, the machine that manufactures the object being designed

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DATA VISUALIZATION
More complex, multidimensional, datasets often are difficult
to visualize without computer graphics
These complex datasets are particularly common in science
(scientific visualization) and business (business visualization)
E.g.1: Three-dimensional medical dataset E.g.2: A medical dataset acquired using a Magnetic
of a patient. Here we use computer Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner. Computer
graphics to visualize the paths of blood graphics allow us to visualize this three-dimensional
vessels inside the patient’s head dataset as three slices through the 3-D volume

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VIRTUAL REALITY AND A
UGMENTED REALITY
Virtual Reality (VR) allows users to be immersed in a compute
r generated world, and to interact with it as if they were inter
acting with the real world

VR-headset
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VIRTUAL REALITY AND A
UGMENTED REALITY
Augmented Reality (AR) combines a computer-generated vir
tual world with the real world
In AR, computer-generated images are overlaid onto a user’
s view of the real world
E.g. AR system used for
surgery, in which computer-
generated images of hidden
features such as blood
vessels and tumours are
overlaid on the surgeon’s
view of the patient through
a surgical microscope

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EDUCATION AND TRAINI
NG
Computer graphics can be very beneficial in education and training
Graphics are used to help students visualize the appearance and lo
cation of different organs inside the body
Another common application of computer graphics is in training
In many jobs it is difficult for workers to get direct experience of th
e environment that they are expected to work in.
This may be because the environment is inaccessible (e.g. space), d
angerous (e.g. bomb disposal), expensive (e.g. flying aircraft) or hi
gh-risk (e.g. surgery) Helicopter simulator
Track driving simulator

Anatomy 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR

GRAPHICAL USER INTERF
ACES
Another possibility that has been opened up by the improve
ments in computer graphics technology is in the area of user
interfaces
Computer graphics improved visual appeal between an old t
ext-based user interface and a modern windows-based user
interface
Modern user interfaces have made multitasking much easier
and applications such as word-processors have become muc
h more powerful

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ENTERTAINMENT
The applications of computer graphics in entertainment fall i
nto three categories: computer art, special effects and anim
ations, and games
Computer-generated images (CGI) have been widely used f
or producing special effects for films, and also for producing
completely computer-generated films
For computer games, images must be generated in real-tim
e in response to user actions
Therefore the graphics in games can be less realistic, since t
he emphasis is on speed of generation rather than realism

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WHAT’S OUR SCOPE?
Not a Tutorial on Commercial Software
 3DMax, Maya, Photoshop, etc.

Not about Graphics Business

 3D online-game, E-commerce, etc.

Graphics = Algorithm for Visual Simulation

 Imaging, Modeling, Rendering, Animation

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WHAT’S OUR SCOPE?
Imaging
 Warping, Metamorphosis, Non-Photorealistic Rendering

Modeling
 Surface Modeling, Solid Modeling, Procedure Modeling, Simplification

Rendering
 Polygonal Rendering, Global Rendering, Texture Mapping

Animation
 Keyframe Animation, Inverse Kinematics, Dynamics, Motion Capture

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ALLIED GRAPHICAL INFORM
ATION FIELDS
Image Processing
 Begins with images in the image space
 Performs pixel-based operations on the images
 Produce new image

User Interface
 Computer graphics focus on image production
 Field of user interface concerned on communicat
ion between man and machine
 When this two are joined => Graphical User Inter
face

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IMAGE REPRESENTATION
Image is composed of discrete pixel or picture elements
The pixels arranged in row and column to form a rectangula
r picture area(raster)
Image resolution: number of pixels per unit length
If we want resize a 1024X768 image to one
Total number of pixel: (w*r)*(h*r) that is 640 pixels wide with the same aspect
 E.g. image:3X2 inches, Resolution 300 ratio, what would be the height of the resized
image?
Size given in pixels vertically and horizontally, easy but:
 Difficult to tell the size in units
If we want to cut 512X512 sub-image out
 Don’t specify image resolution from the center of an 800X600 image, what
Aspect Ratio: Width/height are the coordinates of the pixel in the large
Image pixel reference: e.g. 640X480 image that is at the lower left of the small
image? left
• lower left (0,0) , lower right (639, 0), upper Soln=[(800-512)/2,(600-
(0, 479) and upper right
(639, 479) 512)/2]=(144,44)
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THE RGB COLOR MODEL
Color coordinate system with three primary colors:
 R(red), G(green), and B(blue)

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THE RGB COLOR MODEL
Color matching using the RGB model is additive
 Closely matches with the working principles of display monitors

The CMY color model

 Defines color using subtractive process
 This closely matches with the working principles of printer

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CONVERSION BETWEEN R
GB & CMY
  E.g. find the CMY coordinates of a
color at (0.15, 0.3, 1) in the RGB
space

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DIRECT CODING
Image representation is essentially the representation of pix
el colors
 E.g. 3bits representation
Bit 1 R Bit 2 G Bit 3 B Color
0 0 0 Black
0 0 1 Blue
0 1 0 Green
0 1 1 Cyan
1 0 0 Red
1 0 1 Magenta
1 1 0 Yellow
1 1 1 White

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DIRECT CODING
The widely accepted standard: 3byte/24bits
 256 different intensity levels (00000000-11111111)
 256*256*256 or 16.7M color choices per pixel
 Simple way of representation but high demand for space

 E.g. image 1000X1000 requires 3 million bytes

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LOOKUP TABLE
Images pixel values don’t code colors directly
They hold addresses or indices into a table of color values

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DISPLAY MONITOR
Convert digitally represented image into visually perceivable
pictures
Anatomy of monochromatic CRT

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DISPLAY MONITOR
Fluorescence: the light given off by the phosphor during exp
osure to the electron beam
Phosphorescence: the continuing glow given off after the b
eam is removed
Phosphor’s persistence: the duration of phosphorescence
The intensity of the beam at a particular pixel position is det
ermined by the intensity value of the corresponding pixel in
the image being displayed
Frame buffer/Refresh buffer: a system memory area to stor
e the image to be displayed
Refreshing Rate: the frequency at which the content of the f
rame buffer is sent to the display monitor
 60 frames per second (60Hz) or higher

Interlacing: half of the scan line are refreshed at a time

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COLOR DISPLAY
Three electron guns instead of one, one for each primary col
or
The screen coat consist dot patterns of three different types
of phosphors

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PRINTER
A printer deposit color pigments onto a printer media, chan
ging the light reflected from its surface and making it possib
le for us to see the print result
In principle utilize three types of pigments(cyan, magenta, a
nd yellow) to regulate the amount of red, green and blue lig
ht reflected to yield all RGB colors
In practice additional black pigment is often used due to the
relatively high cost of color pigments and technical difficulty
associated with producing high quality black from several co
lor pigments
 Half toning
 Dithering

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IMAGE FILES
A digital image is often encoded in the form of a binary file
• Windows Bitmap (BMP)
• Joint Photographic Experts Group Format/version identification
File Interchange Format (JPEG) Image width and height in pixels
Header
• Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) Image type
Image data format
Organization of information Compression type
etc.
Encoded in an image file consists
largely of two parts: Color map (if any)
• Header Pixel values Image data
• Image data
Compression type Reconstruct the string
e.g. Run Length Encoding (RLE)
“uuuutttttpppppp” => “4u5t6p” that has been compressed
to “981435” using RLE 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR
SETTING THE COLOR ATT
RIBUTES OF PIXELS
Three element array is often used to represent the three pri
mary color components
Two possible protocols for the specification of pixel coordin
ates and color values:
Protocol one: both coordinate and color information is give
n simultaneously
 setPixel(x, y, rgb)
 Where: rgb is three element array
 rgb[0] = r
 rgb[1] = g
 rgb[2] = b
 setPixel(x, y, i) => if the image uses lookup table
 Where i is the address of the entry containing rgb

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SETTING THE COLOR ATT
RIBUTES OF PIXELS
Protocol two: based on the existence of current color, maint
ained by the system
 setColor(rgb)
 setColor(i) => if the image uses lookup table
 setPixel(x, y)

Lookup table entry

 Set color: setEntry(i, rgb)
 Read color: getEntry(I, rgb)

Additional pixel based image processing operations

 getPixel(x,y, rgb)
 getPixel(x,y, i)

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SETTING THE COLOR ATT
RIBUTES OF PIXELS
Reading Assignment
 Mandelbrot Set
 Julia Set

Exercise - Write a pseudo-code segment to:

 Initialize a 24-bit 256-entry lookup table with gray-scale values
 Swap the red and green components of all colors in a 256 entry lookup ta
ble
 Draw a rectangular area of wXh pixels that starts at (x, y) using color rgb

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