Acids and Bases

Regents: Chapter 19 p. 586 – 629

Honors: Chapters 20, 21 p. 576 - 643

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Topics Note: (H) is for Honors
 Water the Neutral Substance Do Now
 Naming Acids and Bases 1/2 3/4 5/6 7/8
 Acid/Base Properties
 Questions about Properties of Acids and Bases
 Acid/Base Strengths
 (H) Ka & Kb
 Indicators
 Arrhenius Definition
 Arrhenius Questions
 Reactions of Acids with Metals
 Neutralization Reactions
 Bronsted-Lowry Definition
 Lewis Definition
 pH
 Titration
 (H) Normality
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Do Now
 Arrhenius said that an acid yields
what ion in an aqueous solution?
 H+
 or H3O+
Acid Quiz Friday
Acid Rain Paper Monday

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Do Now

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 Water - the neutral substance
 Water is polar (asymmetrical, + and –
ends).
 The positively charged hydrogens or
protons (H+) in one water molecule are
attracted to the negatively charged
oxygens of another.
 Due to this attraction, water ionizes to a
very small extent as follows:
 2H2O  H3O+ + OH– Ω
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Ionization of Water

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Water - the neutral substance
 Concentration of the ions in pure water -
[H3O+]=[OH–]=10–7M
 Importance of ionization of water:
 Since the concentration of hydronium and
hydroxide are equal in pure water, water is
neutral.
 The concentration of ions in pure water is very
low because the ions are more likely to
combine to form water than water is to ionize.
 The limited ionization of water is responsible
for the properties of acids and bases.
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Naming Acids and Bases
 Acids all have H+ as their positive ion
(the cation) and then an anion.
 The name of this anion, usually from
Table E, polyatomic ions, influences
how we name the entire acid.
 Table K has a list of the formulas of
some common acids and their names.
 Table L lists the common bases.
 Table M lists acid-base indicators.
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Naming Acids and Bases
 Take a look at Table E
 What are the three endings that all of
those anions have?
 -ide, -ite, or –ate

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Naming Acids and Bases
 If the name of the anion ends in –ide, the
name of the acid includes the name of that
anion, but with hydro- as a prefix, and –ic
as a suffix.
 If the name of the anion ends in –ate, there
is no prefix, and –ic is the suffix.
 If the name of the anion ends in –ite, there
is no prefix and –ous is the suffix.

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Naming Acids and Bases
 Example 1:
 Acid ending in _____ ide,
 Anion: chloride, Cl-
 Add H+ as the positive ion (cation).
 Acid: hydro ___ ic acid
 hydrochloric acid, HCl

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Naming Acids and Bases
 Example 2:
 Acid ending in _____ ate
 Anion: chlorate, ClO3-
 Add H+ as the positive ion (cation).
 Acid: ______ ic acid (no hydro)
 chloric acid, HClO3

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Naming Acids and Bases
 Example 3:
 Acid ending in _____ ite
 Anion: chlorite, ClO2-
 Add H+ as the positive ion (cation).
 Acid: ______ ous acid (no hydro)
 chlorous acid, HClO2

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Naming Acids and Bases
 Example 4:
 What would the name of HClO4 be?
 Perchloric Acid
 What would the name of HF be?
 Hydrofluoric Acid
 What would the formula for nitric acid
be?
 HNO3
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Naming Bases
 Bases are not named any differently
than we have learned before.
 Bases usually start with a metal and
end in hydroxide (OH).
 What is the name of NaOH?
 Sodium Hydroxide

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Practice
1. H2CO3 Carbonic Acid
2. Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2
3. HNO2 Nitrous Acid
4. Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH
5. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
6. KOH Potassium Hydroxide
7. Sulfurous Acid H2SO3
8. LiOH Lithium Hydroxide
9. Hydrobromic Acid HBr
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 The Identifying Properties
of Acids and Bases
 Acids
 Increase the hydrogen (hydronium) ion concentration of water
 Have a pH below 7
 Taste sour
 Cause color changes in indicators (indicator - something that
reacts with an acid or base to show a definite color change)
 litmus → red
 phenolphthalein → clear
 bromthymol blue → yellow
 methyl orange → red
 Conduct electricity
 Touch: Stinging
 React with active metals to release hydrogen (corrosive)
 React with bases to form a salt and water Ω
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 The Identifying Properties
of Acids and Bases
 Bases
 Increase the hydroxide ion concentration of water
 Have a pH above 7
 Taste bitter
 Cause color changes in indicators
 litmus → blue
 phenolphthalein → pink
 bromthymol blue → blue
 methyl orange → yellow
 Conduct electricity
 Feel slippery because bases dissolve skin (caustic)
 React with acids to form a salt and water

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 The Identifying Properties
of Acids and Bases
 Electrolytes are substances that dissolve and dissociate in
solution, which allows them to conduct electricity.
 Non-electrolyte – does not conduct electricity.
 Weak electrolyte – does not completely dissociate and
conducts poorly.
 Strong electrolyte – completely dissociates and conducts
well.
 If you have an ionic compound and you put it in water, it will
break apart into two ions. If one of those ions is H+, the
solution is acidic. If one of the ions is OH-, the solution is
basic. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_acidbase.html

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 The Identifying Properties
of Acids and Bases
Property Acid Base
Taste Sour Bitter
Touch Stinging Slippery
pH <7 >7
Reacts with metals? Yes No
Color of phenolphthalein Clear Pink
Color of litmus paper Red Blue
Conducts electricity? Yes Yes
Neutralizes Bases Acids Ω
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Strengths of Acids and Bases
 Depends on the concentration of
dissociated ions.
 Factors Affecting Acid Strength:
 Polarity (more polar means stronger)
 Bond strength (stronger bond means
weak because it can’t dissociate)
 Stability of anion (more stable means
stronger)

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Strengths of Acids and Bases
 Strong Acids – completely dissociate in solution means
they are strong electrolytes.
 Know these 7 strong acids and their names: HNO3,
Nitric Acid; H2SO4, Sulfuric Acid; HCl, Hydrochloric
Acid; HBr, Hydrobromic Acid; HI, HydroIodic Acid;
HClO4, Perchloric Acid; HClO3, Chloric Acid
 Weak Acids – do not completely dissociate in solution
means they are weak electrolytes.
 Organic Acids tend to be weak because they are
covalent.
 Ex) acetic acid, HC2H3O2
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Strengths of Acids and Bases
 Strong Bases – completely dissociate
in solution means they are strong
electrolytes.
 Ex) KOH, NaOH
 Weak Bases – do not completely
dissociate in solution means they are
weak electrolytes.
 Ex) NH3
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 Concentration vs. Strength
 Strength means degree of separation.
 Concentration means particles per
volume.
Conc. Strong Conc. Weak Dilute Strong Dilute Weak

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Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)
 Written like Keq with products over
reactants and coefficients as
exponents.
 Do not include pure solids or liquids.
 Example: HC2H3O2  H+ + C2H3O2-

 H   C2 H 3O2  
Ka 
 HC2 H 3O2 
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Base Dissociation Constant (Kb)
 The same as Ka, but when a base
dissociates instead of an acid.
 Large Ka = high tendency for H to
dissociate = stronger acid.
 Small Ka = low tendency for H to
dissociate = weaker acid.
 The same is true for Kb.

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 Example 1
 A 0.1M solution of HC2H3O2  H+ + C2H3O2-
acetic acid is only 0.1 M 0M 0M
partially dissociated in -1.34 x 10-3 M 1.34 x 10-3 M 1.34 x 10-3 M
solution. [H+] is 0.09866 M 1.34 x 10-3 M 1.34 x 10-3 M
determined to be 1.34
x 10-3M. What is the
Ka of acetic acid?
 H   C2 H 3O2   1.34 x103  1.34 x103 
Ka  =  1.82 x105 M
 HC2 H 3O2   0.09866
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 Example 2
 A 2.0 M solution of HCl has
HCl  H+ + Cl-
a very large Ka, what is
the hydrogen ion 2.0M 0M 0M
concentration? -2.0 M 2.0 M 2.0 M

 If Ka is very large that 0.0M 2.0 M 2.0 M

means that the HCl is
completely dissociated.
 Since there is a 1:1 ratio
of HCl:H+ the [H+] = 2.0M.

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 Indicators
 Complete the neutralization reaction:
 HCl + NaOH  NaCl + HOH
 Indicators – weak acids or bases that dissociate
over a known pH range, producing a color change.
 See Table M in the Regents reference tables for a
list of common indicators.
 You should know litmus and phenolphthalein.
 Universal Indicator has a range of possible colors.
 Indicators are often soaked into paper strips, such
as Hydrion paper.
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 Indicators
 Universal indicator has a range of colors that
indicate the pH of a solution: The scale is 0-14.
 0-3 Strong acid – Red
4-6 Weak Acid – Orange/Yellow
7 Neutral – Green
8-10 Weak Base (Alkali) – Blue
11-14 Strong Base (Strong Alkali) – Purple

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 Arrhenius Theory
 Swedish Chemist Svante Arrhenius said
that acids and bases can be defined by
what ions are released when they are
dissolved in water.
 Hydronium ions (H3O+) cause acid
properties. (H2O + H+) (water + proton)
 Hydroxide ions (OH–) cause base
properties.
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 Arrhenius Theory
 Acids - an acid is a substance that yields hydrogen
ions (H+) as the only positive ions in aqueous solution;
the properties of acids are caused by excess hydrogen
ions.
 Acids are polar molecules that contain hydrogen as a
positive ion instead of a metal.
 Acids ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) or
hydronium ions (H3O+) (H+ can’t exist alone. It
combines with water to form H3O+).
HCl(g)  H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Or
H2O(l) + HCl(g)  H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Examples: HCl HNO3 H2SO4 Ω
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 Categories of Arrhenius Acids:
 Monoprotic – ionizes one H+ ion (like HCl)
 Diprotic – ionizes(separates into ions) two H+ ions
 H2SO4 + H2O  H3O+ + HSO4- = 1st ionization
 HSO4- + H2O  H3O+ + SO4-2 = 2nd ionization
 Triprotic – ionizes three H+ ions
 H3PO4 + H2O  H3O+ + H2PO4- = 1st ionization
 H2PO4- + H2O  H3O+ + HPO4-2 = 2nd ionization
 HPO4-2 + H2O  H3O+ + PO4-3 = 3rd ionization
 Acids are strongest in their first ionization
because it produces the most ions, then it gets
weaker with each additional ionization. Ω
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 Arrhenius Theory
 Bases - a base is a substance that yields hydroxide
ions (OH-) as the only negative ions in aqueous
solution; the properties of bases are caused by
these hydroxide ions.
 Bases are ionic compounds that contain hydroxide
as a nonmetal.
 Bases dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions.
NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Examples: NaOH NH4OH Ca(OH)2
 [NOTE: Alcohols such as ethanol (C2H5OH) are not
bases because they are not ionic, and do not
release OH– in water. A Base will usually have a
metal or nitrogen, an alcohol will contain carbon.]
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Categories of Arrhenius Bases:
 Monohydroxy – ionizes one OH- ion
(like NaOH)
 Dihydroxy – ionizes two OH- ions
(like Ca(OH)2)
 Trihydroxy – ionizes three OH- ions
(like Al(OH)3)

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Arrhenius Questions
 1. In the reversible reaction, 2H2O  H3O+ +
OH–, showing the ionization of water, which of
the following is true?
 (1) The forward reaction forming ions from
water is favored.
 (2) The concentration of ions in pure water is
high.
 (3) The concentration of hydronium in pure
water is higher than the concentration of
hydroxide.
 (4) The concentration of ions in pure water is
low.
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Arrhenius Questions
 2. The ion represented by the formula H3O+ is
 (1) hydroxide
 (2) hydroxyl
 (3) hydronium
 (4) hydrogen III oxide.

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Arrhenius Questions
 3. In pure water, 10–7 M represents the
concentration of
 (1) hydroxide only
 (2) hydronium only
 (3) both hydroxide and hydronium
 (4) neither hydroxide nor hydronium

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Arrhenius Questions
 4. The fact that the concentration of
hydronium and hydroxide are equal in pure
water accounts for the fact that water is
 (1) neutral
 (2) acid
 (3) base

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Arrhenius Questions
 5. Water tends to ionize because the water
molecule is
 (1) ionic
 (2) polar
 (3) nonpolar
 (4) wet

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Arrhenius Questions
 For each of the phrases below (questions 6 -7), indicate
whether the compound described is
 (1) an acid only
 (2) a base only
 (3) an acid or a base, or
 (4) neither an acid nor a base.

 6. Increases the hydroxide ion concentration of water

 (2) a base only
 7. Increases the hydronium ion concentration of water
 (1) an acid only

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Arrhenius Questions
 8. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of acids?
 (1) decrease the hydroxide ion concentration
of water
 (2) ionize in water to produce hydronium ions
 (3) polar molecules that contain hydrogen as
a metal
 (4) contain hydroxide as a nonmetal

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Arrhenius Questions
 9. The compound, NaOH (aq), is best
described as
 (1) an acid
 (2) a base
 (3) neutral

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Arrhenius Questions
 10. The compound, HNO3 (aq), is best
described as
 (1) an acid
 (2) a base
 (3) neutral

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Arrhenius Questions
 11. As the concentration of hydronium ions
increases in water, the hydroxide ion
concentration
 (1) increases
 (2) decreases
 (3) remain the same

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Arrhenius Questions
 12. When an acid is added to water the
 (1) hydronium ion concentration increases
 (2) hydroxide ion concentration increases
 (3) hydronium ion concentration decreases
 (4) hydroxide ion concentration first
increases and then decreases

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Arrhenius Questions
 13. When added to water, which of the
following will cause the hydroxide ion
concentration to increase?
 (1) NaCl
 (2) HCl
 (3) NaOH
 (4) HOH

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Arrhenius Questions
 14. Which of the following is NOT an acid?
 (1) HCl
 (2) HNO3
 (3) H2SO4
 (4) H2O

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Arrhenius Answers
 1. 4  8. 4
 2. 3  9. 2
 3. 3  10. 1
 4. 1  11. 2
 5. 2  12. 1
 6. 2  13. 3
 7. 1  14. 4

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 Reactions of Acids with Metals
 Single replacement reactions are of the form A + BC  AC + B.
 A and B change places.
 In Table J, element A has to be higher rank (more active) than B
in order to cut in on the dance (or replace the other metal in the
compound).
 Do you remember what the inside of a penny is made of?
 Zinc
 And what about the outside? (Pre 1982) Copper
 If I filed notches in a penny and put it into hydrochloric acid,
Zinc
what part of the penny would the acid react with?
 Why?
 Copper won’t react with HCl but zinc will, because it is above H
on Table J. It is more reactive.
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 Reactions of Acids with Metals
 What element is always the cation in an acid?
 Hydrogen
 Which metals in Table J will react with or replace
hydrogen in a single replacement reaction?
 The metals above hydrogen in Table J.
 Here is the reaction of hydrochloric acid with a penny:
 Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
 Zn replaces H2 because Zn is more active than H2 (higher
rank) and they change places.
 Why did I write hydrogen as H2?
 Because it is diatomic.

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Reactions of Acids with Metals
Practice
 Here’s a list of metals and acids. In your
notes, determine whether a reaction will
happen, and if it will, write out the
balanced equation.

 Au and HF
 NR
 Zn and H2SO4
 Zn + H2SO4  H2 + ZnSO4
 Li and HNO2
 2Li + 2HNO2  H2 +2LiNO2 Ω
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 Neutralization Reactions
Nearly all of the adult world suffers with acid indigestion at some
time.
Although hydrochloric acid is always present in the stomach, an
excess can cause heartburn and a feeling of nausea.
A common way to relieve the pain of
acid indigestion is to take antacids to
neutralize the stomach acids.
The active ingredient in many antacids
is sodium hydrogen carbonate,
aluminum hydroxide, or magnesium
hydroxide.
In this section, you will learn what a
neutralization reaction is.
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Neutralization Reactions
 Neutralization: a double replacement
reaction between an acid and a base
to produce a salt and water.
 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
 The ionic equation: NaCl(aq) + HOH
H2O(l)(l)
 H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O(l)
 The net ionic equation:
 H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

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Neutralization Reactions
 pH of acid < 7
 pH of base >7
 If similar quantities of an acid and base are
mixed together, the pH will end up more
neutral, in the middle of the scale. (1-14)
 This is what antacids are designed to do.
Heartburn is a symptom that results from
the stomach producing too much acid.
 Antacids are generally weak bases that
neutralize this excess acid.

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 Neutralization Reactions
 Milk of Magnesia is a common antacid which
contains magnesium hydroxide.
 What is the formula for magnesium hydroxide?
 Mg(OH)2
 Is this an Acid or Base?
 What color should it turn litmus? blue
 What color should it turn universal indicator? blue
 If I add Universal Indicator to the antacid, and
then add HCl, just like heartburn, this is what
happens – Neutralization.
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 Neutralization Reactions
 Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  2HOH + MgCl2
Base Acid Water Salt

 This is a double replacement reaction, so the

cations of the two reactants are changing places.
 Because the cation of the acid is H+ and the anion
of the base is OH- we get water as a product.
 Remember a salt does not have to be sodium
chloride!
 The term salt just refers to an ionic substance that
has a metallic cation and an anion other than
hydroxide. Ω
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Neutralization Reactions
 Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  2HOH + MgCl2
 Base Acid Water Salt
 What is the net ionic equation?
 OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
 **Note that all neutralization
reactions have the same net ionic
equation!

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 Neutralization Reactions Practice
 Let’s neutralize carbonic acid with lithium hydroxide.
 What is the formula for carbonic acid?
 H2CO3
 What is the formula for lithium hydroxide?
 LiOH
 When we react these two, what is the equation?
 H2CO3 + 2 LiOH  2 HOH + Li2CO3
 Let’s balance the equation. What is the ionic equation?
 H+ + CO3-2 + Li+ + OH- H2O + Li+ + CO3-2
 What is the net ionic equation?
 H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
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 Questions about Properties
of Acids and Bases
 For each of the following questions 1 -11,
decide if the compound is
 (a) an acid only
 (b) a base only
 (c) an acid or a base
 (d) neither an acid nor a base.

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 Questions about Properties
of Acids and Bases
 1. Feels slippery to the touch
 2. Tastes bitter
 3. Contains some hydronium ions
 4. Increases the hydroxide ion
concentration of water
 5. Increases the hydronium ion
concentration of water
 6. Has a pH of 2
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 Questions about Properties
of Acids and Bases
 7. Product of a neutralization reaction
 8. Aqueous solution conducts electricity
 9. C2H5OH
 10. Turns phenolphthalein colorless
 11. Has a hydronium ion concentration of
10-5 M

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 Questions about Properties
of Acids and Bases
 1. Feels slippery to the touch B
 2. Tastes bitter B
 3. Contains some hydronium ions C
 4. Increases the hydroxide ion
concentration of water B
 5. Increases the hydronium ion
concentration of water A
 6. Has a pH of 2 A
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 Questions about Properties
of Acids and Bases
 7. Product of a neutralization reaction D
 8. Aqueous solution conducts electricity C
 9. C2H5OH D
 10. Turns phenolphthalein colorless A
 11. Has a hydronium ion concentration of
10-5 M A

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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Acids and bases can be defined by
the ability to donate or accept
protons (H+ ions).
 Brønsted-Lowry Acids – molecules or
ions that are proton donors.
 All Arrhenius acids are also Brønsted-
Lowry acids.
 Examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Brønsted-Lowry Bases – molecules or
ions that are proton acceptors.
 Example: HCl + NH3  Cl- + NH4+
 Arrhenius bases are not necessarily
Brønsted-Lowry bases.
 Remember – BAAD = Bases Accept
protons and Acids Donate protons.

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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Amphoteric Compounds – any
compound that can act as either an acid
or a base (usually water).
 Example: HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl-
Water accepts a proton and acts as a base.
 NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-
Water donates a proton and acts as an acid.

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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Conjugate Acids and Bases
 Conjugate Base
 Particle that exists after a Brønsted-Lowry
acid has given up a proton.
 This particle can now accept a proton.
 HF + H2O  F- + H3O+
HF is the acid and F- is the conjugate base.

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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Conjugate Acids and Bases
 Conjugate Acid
 Particle formed after a Brønsted-Lowry base
has accepted a proton.
 This particle can now donate a proton.
 HF + H2O  F- + H3O+ H 2O
is the base and H3O+ is the conjugate acid.

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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 Conjugate Acids and Bases
 Strength – The stronger the acid the
weaker the conjugate base, and the
stronger the base the weaker the
conjugate acid.

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Lewis Acids and Bases
 They are based on bonding and Lewis
dot structures and include
substances that may not contain H.
 Lewis Acids – an atom or molecule
that accepts an electron pair to form
a covalent bond.
 Examples: H+ + :NH3  NH4+
 Ag+ + 2:NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]+ (complex
ion)
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Lewis Acids and Bases
 Lewis Bases – an atom, molecule,
or ion that donates an electron pair
to form a covalent bond.
 Example: BF3 + F-  BF4-
 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction – the
formation of one or more covalent
bonds between an electron pair
donor and an electron pair acceptor.
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Summary of Acid and Base Types
 Remember that the definitions of acids and
bases differ, but many substances can be
categorized as all three types.

Type Acid Base

Arrhenius H+ producer OH- producer
Brønsted-Lowry H+ donor H+ acceptor
Lewis e- pair acceptor e- pair donor

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 pH
 The pH scale was developed as a measure of the
concentration of H+ ions in a solution. 0 or 1 is
strongly acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is strongly
basic. It is a logarithmic scale.
 pH equals the negative log of the concentration of
the hydronium ion concentration [H3O+]
 pH = -log[H3O+]
 Example: If [H3O+] ions in a solution is 10-14 or 1x10-14,
the pH is 14.
 pOH equals the negative log of the concentration
of OH- or pOH = -log[OH-]
 At 25˚C pH + pOH = 14
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 pH
 Think of pH as “power of hydrogen” or –log[H3O+]
• [H3O+] M [OH-] M pH
• 1x10-1 1x10-13 1
• 1x10-2 1x10-12 2
• 1x10-3 1x10-11 3
• 1x10-4 1x10-10 4
• 1x10-5 1x10-9 5
• 1x10-6 1x10-8 6
• 1x10-7 1x10-7 7
• 1x10-8 1x10-6 8
• 1x10-9 1x10-5 9
• 1x10-10 1x10-4 10
• 1x10-11 1x10-3 11
• 1x10-12 1x10-2 12
• 1x10-13 1x10-1 13
• 1x10-14 1x100 14
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Skip to full page
 pH
 Think of pH as “power of hydrogen” or –log[H3O+]
• [H3O+] M [OH-] M pH
• 1x10-1 1x10-13 1
• 1x10-2 1x10-12 2
• 1x10-3 1x10-11 3
• 1x10-4 1x10-10 4
• 1x10-5 1x10-9 5
• 1x10-6 1x10-8 6
• 1x10-7 1x10-7 7
• 1x10-8 1x10-6 8
• 1x10-9 1x10-5 9
• 1x10-10 1x10-4 10
• 1x10-11 1x10-3 11
• 1x10-12 1x10-2 12
• 1x10-13 1x10-1 13
• 1x10-14 1x100 14
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 pH
 In water, there is an equal number of H + and OH- ions:
 HOH ↔ H+ + OH-
 What does LeChatelier’s principle tell us will happen to the
concentration of hydroxide ions if the concentration of
hydrogen ions increases ()?
 The reaction will shift to the left () and the hydroxide
concentration will decrease ().
 So, the concentrations of the ions created by basic and
acidic solutions are inversely related. ()
 When [H+] > [OH-] the solution is acidic, and when the
[OH-] > [H+] the solution is basic or alkaline.
 In an aqueous solution, there is always some of both H + and
OH-.
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 pH Calculations
 Calculating pH from [H3O+] or [H+]
 1x10-3 M HCl
pH = -log(1x10-3)
pH = 3.0 R
 6.5x10-12 M HNO3
pH = -log(6.5x10-12)
pH = 11.19
 6.5x10-12 M H2SO4
pH = -log[H3O+]
[H3O+] = 2 x 6.5x10-12
pH = -log[2 x 6.5x10-12]
pH = 10.89
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 pH Calculations
 Calculating pH from [OH-]
 Kw is the ion product constant of water.
 Kw = [H3O+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 M
 Example: What is the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M NaOH
solution?
 Kw = [H3O+] x [OH-]
 [H3O+] = Kw / [OH-]
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 M / 1.0 x 10-3 M
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-11 M
 pH = -log[H3O+]
 pH = -log (1.0 x 10-11)
 pH = 11 Ω
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 pH Calculations
 Calculating pH from [OH-]
 1 x 10-4 M NaOH
 Kw = [H3O+] x [OH-]
 [H3O+] = Kw / [OH-]
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 M / 1.0 x 10-4M
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-10 M
 pH = -log[H3O+]
 pH = -log (1.0 x 10-10)
 pH = 10
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 pH Calculations
 Calculating pH from [OH-]
 1.0x10-2 M Mg(OH)2
 Kw = [H3O+] x [OH-]
 [H3O+] = Kw / [OH-]
 [OH-] = 2 x 1.0x10-2
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 M / (2 x 1.0x10-2M)
 [H3O+] = 5 x 10-13
 pH = -log[H3O+]
 pH = -log(5 x 10-13)
 pH = 12.3
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 pH Calculations
 Calculating [H3O+] or [OH-] from pH
 pH = -log[H3O+]
log[H3O+]
 10 = 10
-pH

 Simplify the above equation to get 10-pH =

[H3O+] or
 [H3O+] = 10-pH

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 pH Calculations
 Calculating [H3O+] or [OH-] from pH
 Determine the [H3O+] in an aqueous solution
with a pH of 4.0
 [H3O+] = 10-pH
 [H3O+] = 10-4 or
 1 x 10-4 M R

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 pH Calculations
 Calculating [H3O+] or [OH-] from pH
 If the pH of a solution is 7.52, what is the [H3O+]?
[H3O+] = 10-pH
[H3O+] = 10-7.52
[H3O+] = 3.0 x 10-8 M
 What is the hydroxide ion concentration?
[OH-] = Kw / [H3O+]
[OH-] = 1x10-14/3x10-8
 [OH-] = 3.3x10-7M
 Is the solution acidic or basic?
Basic because [OH-]>[H3O+]
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 pH Calculations
 Decreasing [H+] means increasing pH
 10-3 = pH 3
 10-10 = pH 10
 10-3 > 10-10
 but 3 < 10

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 pH Values of
Common Household Materials
 1.0 battery acid (sulfuric acid)  6.5-7.5 human saliva
 1.8-2.0 limes  6.5-7.0 maple syrup
 2.2-2.4 lemon juice  7.0 distilled water
 2.2 vinegar (acetic acid)  7.3-7.5 human blood
 2.8-3.4 fruit jellies  7.6-8.0 egg whites
 2.9-3.3 apple juice, cola  8.3 baking soda
 3.0-3.5 strawberries  9.2 borax
 3.7 orange juice  10.5 milk of magnesia
 4.0-4.5 tomatoes  11.0 laundry ammonia
 5.6 unpolluted rain  12.0 lime water
 5.8-6.4 peas  13.0 lye (sodium
 6.0-6.5 corn hydroxide)
 6.1-6.4 butter  14.0 sodium
 6.4 cow's milk hypochloride
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Skip to full page
 pH Values of
Common Household Materials
 1.0 battery acid (sulfuric acid)  6.5-7.5 human saliva
 1.8-2.0 limes  6.5-7.0 maple syrup
 2.2-2.4 lemon juice  7.0 distilled water
 2.2 vinegar (acetic acid)  7.3-7.5 human blood
 2.8-3.4 fruit jellies  7.6-8.0 egg whites
 2.9-3.3 apple juice, cola  8.3 baking soda
 3.0-3.5 strawberries  9.2 borax
 3.7 orange juice  10.5 milk of magnesia
 4.0-4.5 tomatoes  11.0 laundry ammonia
 5.6 unpolluted rain  12.0 lime water
 5.8-6.4 peas  13.0 lye (sodium
 6.0-6.5 corn hydroxide)
 6.1-6.4 butter  14.0 sodium
 6.4 cow's milk hypochloride
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 pH Questions
 1. What is the pH of a solution if [OH-] = 10-4 M? 10
 2. Which of the following solutions has the highest pH?
 (1) 1 M NaOH
 (2) 0.01 M NaOH
 (3) 1 M NaCl
 (4) 2 M HCl
 3. The pH of pure water is? 7
 4. A solution with a pH of 9 is:
 (1) an acid
 (2) a base
 (3) neutral
 (4) a salt
 5. An acid could have a pH of 1, 7, 9, 13 ? Ω
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 Acid Base Titration
 The process of adding measured volumes of acid or
base of known concentration to an acid or base of
unknown concentration until neutralization occurs is
called titration.
 The known concentration of acid or base is referred to
as the standard solution.
 The point at which the neutralization has occurred is
called the end point.
 The end point is usually reached when a color change
is noted.
 The color change is produced by using an acid base
indicator (usually phenolphthalein or universal
indicator) that changes color when an acid or base is
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 Acid Base Titration
 The unknown concentration or volume can be
calculated from the known volumes and the
known concentration of the standard solution.

 Remember that it is the hydrogen or hydroxide

ions that are responsible for the acidic and basic
properties, so if we want to achieve neutrality, we
have to have a 1:1 ratio of moles of H+ to moles
of OH-.
 What concentration calculation can we use to
relate moles and volume?
 Molarity Ω
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 Acid Base Titration
 On Table T is the equation that we will use:
MaVa = MbVb or
 Molarity of H+(acid) x Volume of acid =
Molarity of OH-(base) x Volume of base

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 Titration Example 1
 How many milliliters of 0.2 M KOH are needed to
neutralize 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl?
 MaVa = MbVb
 Ma = 0.1 M
 Va = 20 mL
 Mb = 0.2 M
 Vb = ?
 Vb = MaVa/Mb
 Vb = (0.1 M) (20mL) /(0.2 M)
 Vb = 2 /.2 m
 Vb = 10 mL Ω
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 Titration Concentration
 How many moles of H+ are in 1 mole of HCl? 1
 This ratio makes HCl a monoprotic acid.
 And how many moles of OH- are in 1 mole of KOH? 1
 This is a monohydroxy base.
 In these cases the molarity of the whole substance is equal to the
molarity of the ion that we’re interested in. This isn’t always true
though. Look at sulfuric acid, H2SO4; how many moles of H+ are
there per mole of acid? 2
 What type of acid is sulfuric acid? Diprotic
 What type of base is Mg(OH)2? Dihydroxy
 If you know that you have a 2M solution of Mg(OH)2, what would
you have to do to get the molarity of the OH-? Multiply 2 by 2
 So check the number of H or OH ions when using the titration
formula.
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 Titration Example 2
 How much 3.0 M H2SO4 is needed to neutralize 50 mL of 1.2 M
Al(OH)3?
 Step 1: Determine the concentrations of H+ and OH-:
 Ma = 3.0 M × 2 (diprotic) = 6.0 M
 Mb = 1.2 M × 3 (trihydroxy) = 3.6 M
 Vb = 50 mL
 Va = ?
 Step 2: Rearrange the equation, then substitute values into the
equation and solve for the unknown:
 Ma × Va = Mb × Vb
 Va = Mb × Vb / Ma
 Va = (3.6 M)(50. mL)/(6.0 M)
 Va = 30. mL
 So we would need to use 30ml of 3M H2SO4 to neutralize 50.mL of
1.2 M Al(OH)3.
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 Normality
 One equivalent = the amount of acid (or
base) that will give one mole of hydrogen
(or hydroxide) ions.
 For some acids, one mole of acid gives one
mole of hydrogen ions. 1 mol HCl = 1 equiv
HCl.
 HCl  H+ + Cl-
 HNO3  H+ + NO3-
 CH3COOH  H+ + CH3COO-
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 Normality
 For other acids, one mole of acid gives two
or more moles of hydrogen ions.
 H2SO4  2H+ + SO4-2
 1 mol H2SO4 = 2 equiv H2SO4
 H3PO4  3H+ + PO4-3
 1 mol H3PO4 = 3 equiv H3PO4

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 Normality
 The same is true for the number of
hydroxide ions given by bases.
 Ca(OH)2  Ca+2 + 2OH-
 1 mol Ca(OH)2 = 2 equiv Ca(OH)2
 Al(OH)3  Al+3 + 3OH-
 1 mol Al(OH)3 = 3 equiv Al(OH)3

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 Normality
 An older non-SI unit used to express the equivalents of acid or
base a solution contains.
 Normality (N) = equivalents/Liter
 1 mol NaOH per liter is 1 M and 1 N.
 1 mol H2SO4 per liter is 1 M, but is 2 N because H 2SO4 contains
2 equivalents per mole.
 What is the normality of a 0.015 M Ca(OH)2 solution?
 1 mol = 2 equiv.
 0.015 M = 0.030N
 What is the normality of a 1.0 M solution of phosphoric acid
(H3PO4)?
 1 mole = 3 equiv.
 1.0 M = 3.0 N Ω
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 Normality
 The number of equivalents of an acid or
base in a known volume of a solution of
known normality can be calculated as
follows:
 Number of equivalents = volume (liters) x
normality of solution
 Equiv = V(L) x N

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 Normality Practice 1
 How many equivalents are in 2.5L of 0.60N
H2SO4?
 Equiv = V(L) x N
 Equiv = 2.5L x 0.60N
 Equiv = 2.5L x 0.60 equiv/L
 Equiv = 1.5 equiv

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 Normality Practice 2
 How many equivalents are in each of the
following? Equiv = V(L) x N
1) 0.55 L of 1.8 N NaOH 0.99 equiv
2) 1.6 L of 0.50 N H3PO4 0.8 equiv
3) 250 mL of 0.28 N H2SO4 0.07 equiv

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 Normality Practice 3
 What is the normality of each solution?
 Normality (N) = equivalents/Liter
1) 20.0g NaOH in 1.0L of solution 0.5 N
2) 4.9g H2SO4 in 500mL of solution 0.2 N
3) 15.0g HCl in 0.400L of solution 1.0 N
4) 88.0g H3PO4 in 1.50L of solution 1.8 N

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