DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J.

AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 6th Edition

Chapter Three
Structured Query Language
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 Chapter Objectives
• Learn basic SQL statements for creating
database structures
• Learn basic SQL statements for adding data to a
database
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements for
processing multiple tables with subqueries
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements for
processing multiple tables with joins
• Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and
deleting data from a database
• Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and
deleting database tables and constraints
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 Structured Query Language
• Structured Query Language
– Acronym: SQL
– Pronounced as “S-Q-L” [“Ess-Que-El”]
– Originally developed by IBM as the
SEQUEL language in the 1970s
– SQL-92 is an ANSI national standard
adopted in 1992.
– SQL:2008 is current standard.

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 SQL Defined
• SQL is not a programming language, but
rather a data sublanguage.
• SQL is comprised of
– A data definition language (DDL)
• Used to define database structures
– A data manipulation language (DML)
• Data definition and updating
• Data retrieval (Queries)
– There are other SQL functions not covered in
this chapter.
• Concurrency control [See Chapter 6]
• Transaction control [See Chapter 6]

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 SQL for Data Definition
• The SQL data definition statements
include:
– CREATE
• To create database objects
– ALTER
• To modify the structure and/or
characteristics of database objects
– DROP
• To delete database objects
– TRUNCATE
• To delete table data while keeping structure
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 SQL for Data Definition:
CREATE
• Creating database tables
– The SQL CREATE TABLE statement

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(

EmpID Integer PRIMARY KEY,
EmpName Char(25) NOT NULL
);

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 SQL for Data Definition:
CREATE with CONSTRAINT I
• Creating database tables with
PRIMARY KEY constraints
– The SQL CREATE TABLE statement
– The SQL CONSTRAINT keyword

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(

EmpID Integer NOT NULL,
EmpName Char(25) NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT Emp_PK PRIMARY KEY(EmpID)
);

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 SQL for Data Definition:
CREATE with CONSTRAINT II
• Creating database tables with composite
primary keys using PRIMARY KEY
constraints
– The SQL CREATE TABLE statement
– The SQL CONSTRAINT keyword

CREATE TABLE EMP_SKILL(

EmpID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillLevel Integer NULL,
CONSTRAINT EmpSkill_PK PRIMARY KEY
(EmpID, SkillID)
);

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 SQL for Data Definition:
CREATE with CONSTRAINT III
• Creating database tables using PRIMARY KEY
and FOREIGN KEY constraints
– The SQL CREATE TABLE statement
– The SQL CONSTRAINT keyword

CREATE TABLE EMP_SKILL(

EmpID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillLevel Integer NULL,
CONSTRAINT EmpSkill_PK PRIMARY KEY
(EmpID, SkillID),
CONSTRAINT Emp_FK FOREIGN KEY(EmpID)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EmpID),
CONSTRAINT Skill_FK FOREIGN KEY(SkillID)
REFERENCES SKILL(SkillID)
);

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 SQL for Data Definition:
CREATE with CONSTRAINT IV
• Creating database tables using PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN
KEY constraints
– The SQL CREATE TABLE statement
– The SQL CONSTRAINT keyword
– ON UPDATE CASCADE and ON DELETE CASCADE

CREATE TABLE EMP_SKILL(

EmpID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillID Integer NOT NULL,
SkillLevel Integer NULL,
CONSTRAINT EmpSkill_PK PRIMARY KEY(EmpID, SkillID),
CONSTRAINT Emp_FK FOREIGN KEY(EmpID)
REFERENCES EEMPLOYEE(EmpID)
ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT Skill_FK FOREIGN KEY(SkillID)
REFERENCES SKILL(SkillID)
ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

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 Process SQL CREATE TABLE Statements:
Microsoft SQL Server 2012

Table 3-8:
Processing the CREATE TABLE Statements Using SQL Server 2012
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 Process SQL CREATE TABLE Statements:
Oracle Database 11g Release 2

Figure 3-9: Processing the CREATE TABLE Statements

Using Oracle Database 11g Release 2
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 Process SQL CREATE TABLE Statements:
Oracle MySQL 5.5

Figure 3-10:
Processing the CREATE TABLE Statements Using MySQL 5.5
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 Database Diagram in the
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio

Figure 3-11:
Database Diagram in the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
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 Primary Key Constraint:
ALTER I
• Adding primary key constraints to
an existing table
– The SQL ALTER statement

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD CONSTRAINT Emp_PK PRIMARY KEY(EmpID);

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 Composite Primary Key Constraints:
ALTER II
• Adding a composite primary key constraint
to an existing table
– The SQL ALTER statement

ALTER TABLE EMP_SKILL

ADD CONSTRAINT EmpSkill_PK
PRIMARY KEY(EmpID, SkillID);

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 Foreign Key Constraint:
ALTER III
• Adding foreign key constraints to an
existing table
– The SQL ALTER statement

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD

CONSTRAINT Emp_FK FOREIGN KEY(DeptID)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DeptID);

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 Adding Data:
INSERT
• To add a row to an existing table, use
the INSERT statement.
• Non-numeric data must be enclosed
in straight ( ' ) single quotes.
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(91, 'Smither', 12);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (EmpID, SalaryCode)

VALUES (62, 11);

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Queries
• SELECT is the best known SQL
statement.
• SELECT will retrieve information
from the database that matches the
specified criteria using the
SELECT/FROM/WHERE framework.
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EmpID = 2010001;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
The Results of a Query Is a Relation
• A query pulls information from one or
more relations and creates
(temporarily) a new relation.
• This allows a query to:
– Create a new relation
– Feed information to another query (as a
“sub-query”)

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Displaying All Columns
• To show all of the column values for
the rows that match the specified
criteria, use an asterisk ( * ).

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Showing Each Row Only Once
• The DISTINCT keyword may be
added to the SELECT statement to
inhibit duplicate rows from displaying.

SELECT DISTINCT DeptID

FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Specifying Search Criteria
• The WHERE clause stipulates the
matching criteria for the record that is
to be displayed.

SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID = 15;

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 Processing SQL Query Statements:
Microsoft SQL Server 2012

Figure 3-13:
SQL Query Results in the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
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 Processing SQL Query Statements:
Oracle Database 11g Release 2

Figure 3-14: SQL Query Results in the Oracle SQL Developer

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 Processing SQL Query Statements:
Oracle MySQL 5.5

Figure 3-15: SQL Query Results in the MySQL Workbench

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Match Criteria
• The WHERE clause match criteria
may include
– Equals “=”
– Not Equals “<>”
– Greater than “>”
– Less than “<”
– Greater than or Equal to “>=”
– Less than or Equal to “<=”

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Match Operators
• Multiple matching criteria may be
specified using
– AND
• Representing an intersection of the data
sets
– OR
• Representing a union of the data sets

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Operator Examples
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID < 7
OR DeptID > 12;

SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID = 9
AND SalaryCode <= 23;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
A List of Values
• The WHERE clause may include the IN
keyword to specify that a particular column
value must be included in a list of values.

SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID IN (4, 8, 9);

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
The Logical NOT Operator
• Any criteria statement may be
preceded by a NOT operator, which
is to say that all information will be
shown except that information
matching the specified criteria
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID NOT IN (4, 8, 9);

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Finding Data in a Range of Values
• SQL provides a BETWEEN keyword that
allows a user to specify a minimum and
maximum value on one line.

SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SalaryCode BETWEEN 10 AND 45;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Allowing for Wildcard Searches
• The SQL LIKE keyword allows
searches on partial data values.
• LIKE can be paired with wildcards to
find rows matching a string value.
– Multiple character wildcard character is
a percent sign (%).
– Single character wildcard character is
an underscore (_).

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Wildcard Search Examples

SELECT EmpID
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EmpName LIKE 'Kr%';

SELECT EmpID
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Phone LIKE '616-___-____';

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Sorting the Results
• Query results may be sorted using
the ORDER BY clause.

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY EmpName;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Built-in SQL Functions
• SQL provides several built-in
functions:
– COUNT
• Counts the number of rows that match the
specified criteria
– MIN
• Finds the minimum value for a specific
column for those rows matching the criteria
– MAX
• Finds the maximum value for a specific
column for those rows matching the criteria
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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Built-in SQL Functions (Cont’d)
• SUM
– Calculates the sum for a specific
column for those rows matching the
criteria
• AVG
– Calculates the numerical average of a
specific column for those rows
matching the criteria

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Built-in Function Examples

SELECT COUNT(DeptID)
FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT MIN(Hours) AS MinimumHours,

MAX(Hours) AS MaximumHours,
AVG(Hours) AS AverageHours
FROM PROJECT
WHERE ProjID > 7;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Providing Subtotals: GROUP BY
• Subtotals may be calculated by using
the GROUP BY clause.
• The HAVING clause may be used to
restrict which data is displayed.
SELECT DeptID,
COUNT(*) AS NumOfEmployees
FROM EMPLOYEE
GROUP BY DeptID
HAVING COUNT(*) > 3;

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Retrieving Information from Multiple Tables

• Subqueries
– As stated earlier, the result of a query is a
relation. As a result, a query may feed
another query. This is called a subquery.
• Joins
– Another way of combining data is by using a
join .
• Join [also called an Inner Join]
• Left Outer Join
• Right Outer Join

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Subquery Example
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DeptID in
(SELECT DeptID
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DeptName LIKE 'Account%');

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
Join Example

SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, DEPARTMENT AS D
WHERE E.DeptID = D.DeptID
AND D.DeptName LIKE 'Account%';

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
JOIN…ON Example
• The JOIN…ON syntax can be used
in joins.
• It has the advantage of moving the
JOIN syntax into the FROM clause.
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E JOIN DEPARTMENT AS D
ON E.DeptID = D.DeptID
WHERE D.DeptName LIKE 'Account%';

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
LEFT OUTER JOIN Example
• The OUTER JOIN syntax can be
used to obtain data that exists in
one table without matching data in
the other table.
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E
LEFT JOIN DEPARTMENT AS D
ON E.DeptID = D.DeptID
WHERE D.DeptName LIKE 'Account%';

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 SQL for Data Retrieval:
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Example
• The unmatched data displayed can
be from either table, depending on
whether RIGHT JOIN or LEFT JOIN
is used.
SELECT EmpName
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E
RIGHT JOIN DEPARTMENT AS D
ON E.DeptID = D.DeptID
WHERE D.DeptName LIKE 'Account%';

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 Modifying Data using SQL
• Insert
– Will add a new row in a table (already
discussed above)
• Update
– Will update the data in a table that
matches the specified criteria
• Delete
– Will delete the data in a table that
matches the specified criteria
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 Modifying Data using SQL:
Changing Data Values: UPDATE
• To change the data values in an existing
row (or set of rows) use the Update
statement.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET Phone '791-555-1234'
WHERE EmpID = 29;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET DeptID = 44
WHERE EmpName LIKE 'Kr%';

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 Modifying Data using SQL:
MERGE
• SQL:2003 introduced the MERGE
statement.
– Combines INSERT and UPDATE into one
statement
– Uses the equivalent of IF-THEN-ELSE logic to
decide whether to use INSERT or UPDATE
– An advanced feature—learn to use INSERT
and UPDATE separately first, then consult
DBMS documentation

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 Modifying Data using SQL:
Deleting Data: DELETE
• To delete a row or set of rows from a
table use the DELETE statement.

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EmpID = 29;

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EmpName LIKE 'Kr%';

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 Modifying Data using SQL:
Deleting Database Objects: DROP
• To remove unwanted database
objects from the database, use the
SQL DROP statement.
• Warning… The DROP statement will
permanently remove the object and
all data.
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

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 Modifying Data using SQL:
Removing a Constraint: ALTER & DROP

• To change the constraints on existing

tables, you may need to remove the
existing constraints before adding
new constraints.
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP CONSTRAINT EmpFK;

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 Modifying Data Using SQL:
The CHECK Constraint
• The CHECK constraint can be used
to create sets of values to restrict the
values that can be used in a column.
ALTER TABLE PROJECT
ADD CONSTRAINT PROJECT_Check_Dates
CHECK (StartDate < EndDate);

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 SQL Views

• A SQL View is a virtual table created

by a DBMS-stored SELECT
statement that can combine access
to data in multiple tables and even in
other views.
• SQL views are discussed online in
Appendix E.

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 DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 6th Edition

End of Presentation on Chapter Three

Structured Query Language