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Chapter 01 - Combinatorial Analysis

This document provides an overview of combinatorial analysis and examples of counting principles, permutations, combinations, and distributions of objects into groups. Some key points include: - Permutations refer to distinct ordered arrangements, while combinations refer to unordered groups. - The binomial theorem and multinomial coefficients can be used to calculate the number of ways to distribute objects into groups. - Integer equations can model distributing distinguishable or indistinguishable objects into distinguishable groups. - Examples demonstrate applications to arranging books, forming teams, placing balls in urns, and more. Exercises provide additional practice problems.

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161 views

Chapter 01 - Combinatorial Analysis

This document provides an overview of combinatorial analysis and examples of counting principles, permutations, combinations, and distributions of objects into groups. Some key points include: - Permutations refer to distinct ordered arrangements, while combinations refer to unordered groups. - The binomial theorem and multinomial coefficients can be used to calculate the number of ways to distribute objects into groups. - Integer equations can model distributing distinguishable or indistinguishable objects into distinguishable groups. - Examples demonstrate applications to arranging books, forming teams, placing balls in urns, and more. Exercises provide additional practice problems.

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Batu Gün
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In memory of Prof. Dr. M.

Nahit SERARSLAN

COMBINATORIAL
ANALYSIS
Kutay TİNÇ, Ph.D.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
COUNTING
 
Suppose that two experiments are performed, where the first experiment can have
outcomes (results) and the second experiment can have outcomes. Then together
there are possible outcomes for the two experiments.
Hence, for number of experiments with number of outcomes each, the total number
of possible outcomes is .
EXAMPLE 1
  college planning committee consists of 3 freshmen, 4 sophomores, 5 juniors and 2
A
seniors. A subcommittee of 4, consisting 1 person from each class, is to be chosen.
How many different subcommittees are possible?
PERMUTATIONS
 Number of different ordered arrangements.
Ordering 3 items means picking 1 item out of the 3 first, then picking another out of 2
and then picking the last one. This ordering can be done in different ways.
EXAMPLE 2
 
You have 10 different books that you are going to put on your bookshelf. Of these, 4
are mathematics books, 3 are chemistry books, 2 are history books and 1 is an
English book.
a. How many different ordered arrangements are possible?
b. How many if all subjects must be together?
EXAMPLE 3
 
Now suppose that the books on the previous example were identical based on subject
(e.g. all math books are the same). How many different ordered arrangements
(permutations) are possible now?
COMBINATIONS
 Number of different groups of objects chosen out of objects.
There is no ordering in combination. When you pick , and out of you can have and
, but they are all the same subset of . Thus if you can pick any one of the 5 items at
start, then 4 and then 3, you can pick 60 different groups, but each 6 groups out of
these 60 will have the same elements, hence you will have different groups.
This calculation is shown as .
EXAMPLE 4
 From a group of 5 women and 7 men,
a. How many different subgroups of 2 women and 3 men can be formed?
b. What if 2 of the men are feuding and refuse to be in the same subgroup?

c. We could form 5 different groups where the feuding men are in the same group,
hence we can have a total of subgroups.
EXAMPLE 5
 
Consider a set of antennas of which are defective and are functional and assume
that all the defectives and all the functionals are indistinguishable. How many linear
orderings are there in which no two defectives are consecutive?
Start by lining up all the functional antennas. Any gap between those antennas can be
filled by only one defective antenna, otherwise there would be consecutive
defectives.
With the start point and the end point there are gaps that defective antennas can be
placed, hence:
A USEFUL COMBINATORIAL
EQUATION
  =+
THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
 
This equation can be proven via mathematical induction:
1. Show that the equation holds for
2. Assume that the equation holds for
3. Show that the first two parts means that the equation holds for
PROOF
 For we have:
, the equation holds. Now we assume that the equation will hold for
and check if it holds for

+
+
MULTINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
 
How many different divisions are possible when dividing distinct items into distinct
groups with sizes ?

This can also be shown as:


EXAMPLE 6
  children are to be divided into an A team and a B team of 5 each. The A team will
Ten
play in one league and the B team in another. How many different divisions are
possible? What if the teams are supposed to play each other?
We can pick for Team A first and Team B later:
The order of teams is irrelevant:
THE NUMBER OF INTEGER
SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS
 
There are possible outcomes when distinguishable balls are distributed into
distinguishable urns, as each ball can be placed in one of urns.
If the balls were indistinguishable, then the problem would reduce to finding number
of balls in each urn which could be written as:

For positive solutions we have:

For nonnegative solutions we have:


EXAMPLE 7
  investor has 20 thousand dollars to invest among 4 possible investments. Each
An
investment must be in units of a thousand dollars. If the total 20 thousand is to be
invested, how many different investment strategies are possible? What if all the
money need not be invested?
EXAMPLE 8
  elevator starts at the basement with 8 people (not including the elevator operator)
An
and discharges them all by the time it reaches the top floor, number 6. In how many
ways could the operator have perceived the people leaving the elevator if all people
look alike to him? What if the 8 people consisted of 5 men and 3 women and the
operator could tell a man from a woman? What if the operator could tell everyone
apart from each other?
EXERCISE 1
  librarian has to place 3 different math books, 4 different physics books, and 2
A
different chemistry books to 3 different shelves. How many different arrangements
can be made if the chemistry books must be put together?
EXERCISE 2
 
How many different arrangements can be made while placing 11 books to 3 shelves if
no more than 1 shelf will be empty?
EXERCISE 3
Ten dots are placed on the edges and a corner of a square as shown in the
figure below. How many different triangles can be formed by joining three of
these dots?

114
EXERCISE 4
Consider the grid below:

Assuming that you can only go Right or Up, how many different ways exist from A
to C where you do not go through B?
110
EXERCISE 5
 
Assume that there is an abundant supply of red, yellow, blue, and green marbles. How
many rows of 10 marbles can be made if each row must contain at least 2 marbles of
each color?
EXERCISE 6
  How many combinations are possible when five identical dice are rolled?
How many combinations if identical dice are rolled?
Repeat part (b) if each number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 appears at least once.
How many combinations are possible when 5 white dice, 10 red dice, and 15 blue dice are
rolled?

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