Biomechanical Basis

of Movement
Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing
Human Movement
Goals for Chapter 3
l Know units of measure for mass, force,
weight, pressure, volume, density, specific
weight, torque, and impulse.
l Know the mechanical loads placed on the
body.
l Be familiar with equipment used for
measuring kinetic quantities.
Goals for Chapter 3
l Know the difference between vectors and
scalars.
l Solve quantitative problems using vectors
and trigonometry.
Why study kinetics?
l The human body makes forces and resists
forces during daily activities and sporting
events.
Basic Concepts Related to
Kinetics
l Biomechanists must understand the concepts
of mass, inertia, weight, pressure, volume,
…..to understand the effects of forces.
Mass and Inertia
l Mass-
Mass


l Units: kg, slug

l
l Inertia-
Inertia


l Dependent on
Force
l Force: a push or pull; mechanical
disturbance or load that tends to produce
an acceleration of a body in the direction of
its application.
l Forces may deform an object, change its state
of motion, or both.
l the product of mass and acceleration.
magnitude, direction, and point of application:
l F=ma; units: N, lb 1lb = 4.45 N
Force Example
lA 3kg mass is accelerating at 2m/s2. How
much force is pushing the mass?
Net Force
l Net force-
force


 net force=0
 net force 0

Free Body Diagram
l Free body-


l Free body diagram-

l

Bat Force Air Resistance

Weight
Free Body Diagram

l Help identify the forces

and moments acting
on individual parts of
a system to ensure
the correct use of the
equations of
mechanics to
analyze the system.
Free Body Diagram
Weight
l Weight-


 Wt=mag
 ag=-9.81m/s2 (negative denotes direction)
 units: N, lb
Weight Example
l If Bill has a mass of 91kg. How much does
he weigh (in Newtons)?
Weight Example
l Bill
has a mass of 91kg. How much does he
weigh in pounds?
Weight Example
lA lineman weighs 1400N. What is his mass
(in kg)?
Center of Mass
l COM
l


l COM  COG
Pressure
l Pressure-
Pressure
 p=F/A

units: N/cm2, Pa


 Example:
 Rearfoot strikers land with 500lb of force for each
stride, and over a small contact area- HIGH P
 Midfoot strikers land with the same force over a
larger contact area- LOWER P
l
Pressure Example
lI weigh 854.7N. If I stand on one foot and the
area on the bottom of my shoe is 230cm2,
what is the pressure under my shoe?

Solution
Volume
l Volume-
Volume

units: length3 (m3, cm3, in3)


l
Density and Specific Weight
l Density-
Density
  =mass/volume

units: kg/m3


l Specific weight-
weight
 Spec wt=weight/volume

units: N/m3, lb/ft3
Torque
l Torque-
Torque
 Also called
 T=Fd
 units: Nm
Impulse
l Impulse-
Impulse


 Impulse=Ft
 units: Ns



Impulse Example
lA Biomechanics student (tired from studying)
takes a nap and uses his 10N book as an
eye-shade. His head has a mass of 7kg. If
the student sleeps for an hour with the
book on his face, what is the impulse
applied?
l
Solution
Another Impulse Example
lA car accident creates an impulse of
36000Ns. If the impact takes 0.5s, how
much force is applied to the passenger?
Stress
l Stress-
Stress


 Internal pressure
 stress=F/A

normal values:10-20N/cm2
l
l Axial/ Normal stress (σ):


l Tensile stress:
l
l
l Compressive stress:
l
l

l Shear stress (τ):

Stress Example
l How much compressive stress is on my
L1,L2 intervertebral disc?
 45% of my body weight is supported by the disk
 body weight=892.7N

area of the disc is 25cm2
 stress=F/A
Solution
Another Example
lI was doing yard work a couple of weeks ago
(spreading rocks). How much stress is on
the L1,L2 intervertebral disc when I was
carrying a 178N bag on each shoulder?
 45% of my body weight is supported by the disk
 body weight=892.7N

area of the disc is 25cm2
Another Solution
l Strain:


l Normal (ε):


l ε= Δl / l
l
l


l
l

=
lP= proportionality limit
lStress and strain
proportional
lE= elastic limit
lY= yield point
lU= highest stress point
(ultimate strength)
lR= failure point
Mechanical Loads on the
Human Body
l Compression l Axial
l Tension l Torsion
l Shear l Combined
l Stress l Repetitive
l Bending l Acute
l
l
l LOAD=
Compression
l Compression-
Compression
Tension
l Tension-
Tension
Shear
l Shear-
Shear
l
Bending
l Bending-
Bending
l


l Failure on
Axial
l Axial-
Axial


l Same as
l
Torsion
l Torsion-
Torsion
l
Combined Loading
l Combined loading-
The Effects of Loading
l
l
l material properties important
Load-deformation Curve

Yield Ultimate
Load

Point Failure
Point

Elastic Plastic
Region Region
Deformation
Basic Concepts
l Elasticity:
l
σ
l
l Linear elastic material: stress is
ε
 linearly proportional to strain.


 Young’s Modulus (E) :



•
l Plasticity -
l
l In general, materials undergo plastic deformations following
elastic deformations when they are loaded beyond their yield
points.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Viscoelasticity:
Viscoelasticity
l Elastic materials
l


l Stress is a function of strain only. No time dependent

behavior.
l

l Viscoelastic materials:
l Viscoelastic response:
l

l
l Extent of Deformation:
l

l
l
l Ductile-
Ductile


l
l Brittle -

l Toughness:
l


l
l Larger area: tougher.
l
l
l Resilience:
l
l
l
l
Repetitive Loading
l Repetitive loading-
Acute Loading
l Acute loading-
l
Repetitive vs Acute:
Likelihood of Injury
lOver-use injuries
lSingle force
macrotrauma

Load Magnitude
lREPETITIVE
lShin splints Likelihood of Injury
lStress fractures
lTendonitis

lMACROTRAUMA
lLigament tear
lBone Fractures Frequency of Loading
Tools for Measuring Kinetic
Quantities
l EMG
l Does it belong here?
l Measures
l

l Dynamography
l
l
Plantar Pressure
l Measures
l


l Applications:
Plantar Pressure
Practice problems for exam 1
l Chapter 1
l Additional: 5-7,8(a),10
l Chapter 3
l Introductory: 1,2,6
l Additional: 1,3-6
l Chapter 4
l Introductory: 8,9