MODULE – II

ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CONCRETES & MATERIALS

FOR PRE-STRESSING

PRESENTED TO: PRESENTED BY:

AR. AMAN KATOCH AKANSHA KAUSHIK, MEENA
SINGH, MOHD. ZUBAIR
 STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
• Light weight concrete is a special concrete which weights lighter than
conventional concrete.
• Similar to normal concrete expect that it is made with lightweight and
normal weight aggregates.
• The basic principle behind the making of light weight concrete is by
including the air in concrete.
• Density of this concrete is considerably low when compared to normal
concrete
• Standard lightweight concretes used natural sand instead of lightweight
fine aggregates.

ADVANTAGE
• Reduces the dead load of the building.
• Relatively low thermal conductivity.
• Good resistance to freezing action when compared to conventional concrete.
• Has applications in pre-stressed concrete, high rise building & helps in disposal of industrial wastes like fly ash, slag
etc.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Very Sensitive with water content in the mixture.
• Difficult to place and finish because of porosity and angularity aggregate. In some mixes the cement mortar may separate
the aggregate and float towards the surface
• Mixing time is longer than conventional concrete to assure proper mixing.
• Lightweight Concrete are porour and shows poor resistance.

Applications
• Since the strength of L.W.C is low, it is used in the construction of roof slabs in
small structures.
• In large buildings also, this is used in the construction of partition walls.
• These are molded in the form of slabs, and used as thermal insulators inside the
building.
Natural light weight aggregate
Pumice
A volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic
glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light colored.

scoria
Scoria is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger
vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser.

Rice husk
Rice hulls or rice husks are the hard protecting covering of grains of rice.

Volcanic cinder
Cinder are built around a volcanic vent.
Artificial light weight aggregate
Clinker
• The stony residue from burnt coal or form a furnace.

Foamed slag
• Bi product produced in the manufacting of pig iron.

Fly Ash
• Fly ash is a fine power substance which is a by product of electric
generation power plants produced by burning of pulverized.

Bloated clay
• Prodiced in the manufacturing of clay products.
Availability & characteristics
1. Pumice stone
• Availability-Pumice is a cheap and readily available hydroponic media which is mined.
• This porous volcanic rock allows for good water retention and aeration, and the use of a
combination of fine and coarse materials allows a grower to manipulate the drainage
capacity of the media.
• Pumice can also be mixed with other types of growing media e.g vermiculite or coir, to
improve aeration and drainage.
• Pumice is slow to break down and is very lightweight. Its light colored appearance makes
it an ideal media for summer growing as it does not attract heat.
• Available Sizes: 1-2mm, 2-4mm, 4-8mm, 8-12mm, 3-5 cm

2. Scoria
• Scoria is vesicular and dark colored igneous rock that have or have not contain any
crystals. 
• It is typically dark color, such as dark brown, black or purplish red. The scoria from
the explosion will be located near the mouth of the volcano and the heavy rock will
fall down from the top of the volcano.
• Scoria can be found in regions where Earth’s volcanic activity occurs. It is a ruthless
rock filled with air bubbles ranging from black to dark red. The It is created as gas
runs out of a volcano and the rock strikes around
3. DIATOMITE
• The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral
dolomite. An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone.
• It is hydrated amorphous silica derived from the remain of microscopic plants called diatoms.
• The deposits of these aquatic are formed under deep ocean bed ,later when the ocean bed is
raised & become continent they become availability
• Dolomite is used as an ornamental stone, a concrete aggregate, and a source of magnesium
oxide, as well as in the Pidgeon process for the production of magnesium.

4. Sawdust 
• SAWDUSK(or wood shavings) is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations such
as sawing, sanding, milling, planing, and routing.
• It is composed of small chippings of wood.
• These operations can be performed by woodworking machinery, portable power tools or by use of
hand tools. Wood dust is also the byproduct of certain animals, birds and insects which live in
wood, such as the woodpecker and carpenter ant.
• In some manufacturing industries it can be a significant fire hazard and source of occupational
dust exposure.
• A major use of sawdust is for particleboard; coarse sawdust may be used for wood pulp. Sawdust
has a variety of other practical uses, including serving as a mulch, as an alternative to clay cat
litter, or as a fuel. Until the advent of refrigeration, it was often used in icehouses to keep ice
frozen during the summer.
5.RICE HUSK
• The rice husk, also called rice hull, is the coating on a seed or grain of rice. It is formed from
hard materials, including silica and lignin, to protect the seed during the growing season.
• Each kg of milled white rice results in roughly 0.28 kg of rice husk as a by-product of rice
production during milling

6.CINDER
• A cinder is a pyroclastic material.
• Cinders are extrusive igneous rocks; they are fragments of solidified lava. Cinders are
typically brown, black, or red depending on chemical composition and weathering.
Cinders are similar to pumice.
• Cinders have been used on track surfaces and roads to provide additional traction
in winter conditions.
ARTIFICIAL MATERIAL
1. COAL CLINKER:
• Coal clinkers form when noncombustible elements contained in coal such as iron,
calcium, silicon, aluminum and sodium interact with sulfur and carbon at high
temperatures.
• These elements melt together with clays and alkalis to form a glassy slag that
eventually hardens into clinkers.
• Clinker often is reused as a cheap material for paving footpaths. It is laid and rolled,
and forms a hard path with a rough surface that presents less risk of slipping than
most loose materials

2. FOAMED SLAG
• IT is a by product of manufacturing of pig iron and it producted by rapid quenching
blast furnace slag
• Lightweight construction material, notably foamed concrete, had become more
favorable to reduce building weight and cost, accelerate construction process, and
ease handling of precast segment.
• Simultaneously, rapid development had result in price rising of conventional
material and environmental issue due to abundant wastes, for instance steel slag.
3. Perlite
• It is glassy volcanic rock found in America ,Italy etc.
• When it is heated rapidly to a temp of 300degree to 1000 degree ,it expands due to
the evolution of steams and forms a cellular material.
•  perlite can be used as a soil amendment or alone as a medium for hydroponics or
for starting cuttings. When used as an amendment, it has high permeability and low
water retention and helps prevent soil compaction.

4. Bloated clay:
When certain variety of glass and shale are heated to a temp of beginning of fusion or
melting gases are formed with in the mass at this temp , due to the formation of gases .
The heated material smell or expand many times more then their original volume and
cellular structure is formed .
The expansion of material is known as bloating .
The cellular structure formed is retained on cooling .
The product formed is bloated clay used as light weight concrete.
5. Fly ash
• Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal
in electric generation power plants.
• Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and siliceous material
that forms cement in the presence of water.
• When mixed with lime and water, fly ash forms a compound similar to
Portland cement.
• This makes fly ash suitable as a prime material in blended cement, mosaic tiles,
and hollow blocks, among other building materials.
• When used in concrete mixes, fly ash improves the strength and segregation of
the concrete and makes it easier to pump.
6. Thermacol beads
• The Thermocol Beads have been manufactured from the best quality of Thermocol
and caters to myriad applications.
• The Thermocol Beads are available in a wide range of sizes 
• Most importantly, it features a closed-cell structure and thus supports low thermal
conductivity.
• It is highly preferred for thermal insulation.
• Secondly, Thermocol is tasteless, odorless and fungi-resistant.
• It is used for heat and sound insulation in refrigeration and air conditioning
buildings. It is used in acoustic treatment and lining of ceiling and walls. 
• Thermocol is available in slabs 50×50, 60×60, 100×100, 50×100 cm and 15 to 25
mm thick.
HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
• High Density = Heavyweight
• Density should be more than 2600 kg/m3
• Offers more strength
• Can be used everywhere, in all construction practices
• Resistant to extreme weather
• High Strength concrete is made by lowering the water cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.
• Due to low W/C ratio it causes problem of placing, to overcome from this super plasticizer used .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HSC :
• High modulus of elasticity
• High abrasion resistance
• High durability and long life in severe environments
• Low permeability and diffusion
• Resistance to chemical attack
• High resistance to adverse climatic conditions
• Toughness and impact resistance
• Volume stability
• Ease of placement
• Compaction without segregation
• Inhibition of bacterial and mold growth
Applications

• Precast Blocks
• Mass concrete
projects
High density concrete application
column

Gravity seawall/coastal protection &

Breakwater structure
Bridge counterweights

Off shore platforms

MATERIALS FOR PRE-STRESSING
 CONCRETE - Concrete is a composite material composed of
gravels or crushed stones (coarse aggregate), sand (fine aggregate)
and hydrated cement (binder).
CHARACTERISTICS:
 They determined by the aggregate or cement used, or by the
method that is used to produce it.
 The water-to-cement ratio is the determining factor in
ordinary structural concrete with a lower water content resulting in
a stronger concrete.

 This, however, reduces the workability of the concrete, which can be measured using the slump test. The
grading, shape, texture and proportion of aggregate can also have a similar affect.
 If a particularly strong concrete is required, the amount of aggregate can be reduced in relation to the cement.
However, cement is a significant cost factor, and increasing its proportion in the mix will increase the
overall price. It is used in :-
 Driveways and patios, sidewalks, parking streets, footings/foundation, mid-rise and high-rise buildings
 AGGREGATE -The coarse aggregate are granular materials obtained from rocks and crushed stones. They may be also obtained from
synthetic material like slag, shale, fly ash and clay for use in lightweight concrete. The sand obtained from river beds or quarries is used as
fine aggregate. The fine aggregate along with the hydrated cement paste fill the space between the coarse aggregate.
 Used as:-
• As a Load Bearing Material.
• As a Filling Material.
• As an Infiltrating Material.
 Used in Concrete
• To provide a rigid structure.
• To reduce the shrinkage and cracking.
 Used in Roads
• Stabilized using cementitious materials (blends of cement, fly ash, slag,
lime).
• Stabilized with bituminous materials (bitumen or tar).
• Stabilized with other materials (resins, fibers, geosynthetics, etc.).
• Recycled aggregate.
 Used in Railway Ballast
 CEMENT - In present day concrete, cement is a mixture of lime
stone and clay heated in a kiln to 1400 – 1600 ºC.
 Following are the characteristics of cement:
1) The color of cement should be uniformly grey with greenish
shade. It gives an indication of excess of lime or clay and the
degree of burning.
2) It should feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between
fingers.
3) If hand is inserted in a bag of cement or in a heap of cement, it
should feel cool and not warm.
4) It should be free from any hard lumps.
5) It should not contain excess silica, lime, alumina or alkalies.
6) Excess amount of clay and silt in cement gives an earthy cement.
 Used in mixing of concrete and plaster works & DPC, pavements,
crack filing etc.
 WATER - Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids,
alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete and steel.
 Following are the characteristics of water:
 Physical:-
 pure water is colorless
 pure water is clear and does not absorb light.
 pure water is always tasteless and odorless.
 10˚-25˚ temp. is desirable
 Chemical:-
• pH of water is measured between 0 and 14 to determine how acidic or alkaline it is. Measurement is conducted
using a logarithmic scale. 
• Dissolved oxygen – is the level of free, non-compound oxygen present in water or other liquids. It is an
essential parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of
water.
 ADMIXTURES - The admixtures can be broadly divided into two types: chemical admixtures
and mineral admixtures. The common chemical admixtures are as follows:-
1) Air-entraining admixtures
2) Water reducing admixtures
3) Set retarding admixtures
4) Set accelerating admixtures
5) Water reducing and set retarding admixtures
6) Water reducing and set accelerating admixtures.
 The common mineral admixtures are as follows:-
1) Fly ash
2) Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
3) Silica fumes
4) Rice husk ash
5) Metakoline
THANK YOU 