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Eca 2 Three Phase

Three-phase power systems distribute power more efficiently than single-phase systems. They generate three alternating voltages 120 degrees out of phase to power three-phase motors. There are four main types of three-phase connections: balanced wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye. Power remains constant over each cycle in balanced systems. Unbalanced systems have unequal voltages or impedances, requiring mesh analysis to solve. Power is calculated individually for each phase and summed for the total.

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Hassan Aamer
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183 views29 pages

Eca 2 Three Phase

Three-phase power systems distribute power more efficiently than single-phase systems. They generate three alternating voltages 120 degrees out of phase to power three-phase motors. There are four main types of three-phase connections: balanced wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye. Power remains constant over each cycle in balanced systems. Unbalanced systems have unequal voltages or impedances, requiring mesh analysis to solve. Power is calculated individually for each phase and summed for the total.

Uploaded by

Hassan Aamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 12

Three-Phase Circuits
INTRODUCTION
 So far we have mostly only studied singly phase circuits
having 2 wires and 1 power source and load attached to
it

 Circuits in which the ac sources operate at the same


frequency but different phases are known as polyphase
such as the 2 phase 3 wire system
 Then there are 3 phase system which are said to be the
most efficient type of circuit
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
 Nearly all electric power is generated and distributed in
three-phase, at the operating frequency of 60 Hz (or ω =
377 rad/s) in the United States or 50 Hz (or ω = 314
rad/s) in some other parts of the world
 When one phase or two-phase inputs are required, they
are taken from the three phase system rather than
generated independently
 Three-phase voltages are often produced with a three-
phase ac generator
 The motor consists of 3 pair of terminals a-a’, b-b’, and
c-c’ which are placed 120◦ apart as shown
 Here the pair shows the coils point of entrance and exit
from the motor
 As the motor rotates the flux causes 3 phase power
supply and the coils are placed 120◦ apart, the induced
voltages in the coils are equal in magnitude but out of
phase by 120◦
 In a three phase system the voltage sources can be either
wye-connected or delta-connected

 Looking at the figure (a) first we see a wye connected


source with Van Vbn and Vcn representing the phase
voltage and “n” being the neutral point
 If the voltage sources have the same amplitude and
frequency ω and are out of phase with each other by 120◦,
the voltages are said to be balanced. This implies that
 Van+Vbn+Vcn=0

 |Van|=|Vbn|=|Vcn|
 Because the three-phase voltages are 120° out of phase
with each other, there are two possible combinations
 One being
Van = Vp<0°
Vbn = Vp<120°
Vcn = Vp<−240° = Vp<+120°
And other being
Van = Vp< 0°
Vcn = Vp<−120°
Vbn = Vp<−240° = Vp<+120°
 The first condition is when the motor rotates counter
clockwise and 2nd is when motor most clock wise
 This helps us determine which voltage is leading which
voltage
 For example in first case we can see Van leading Vbn
which then is leading Vcn
 A wye- or delta-connected load is said to be unbalanced
if the phase impedances are not equal in magnitude or
phase.
 A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances
are equal in magnitude and in phase
 For a balanced wye-connected load,

Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = ZY
 For a balanced delta-connected load
 Za = Zb = Zc = Z

 A delta connected source can be changed in a wye source


and vice versa using the following relationship
 Z∆ = 3Zy or Zy = 1/3 Z∆
 A three phase system can be observed in 4 different
types

 A balanced delta-connected load is more common than a


balanced wye-connected load because of the ease with
which loads may be added or removed from each phase
of a delta-connected load
 On the other hand, delta connected sources are not
common in practice because of the circulating current
that will result in the delta-mesh if the three-phase
voltages are slightly unbalanced
BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION
 A balanced Y-Y connection circuit is one with a balanced y-
connected source and a balanced y-connected load
 The image below represents a balanced y-y circuit

 Here

Van , Vbn, Vcn are the source


Zs = source impedance
Zl= line impedance
ZL= load impedance
Zn = neutral line impedance
Zs & Zl are often negligiable
So we can say Zy=ZL
 Assuming a positive cycle we can write the phase voltage for
y-y circuit as
 Van = Vp<0°

 Vbn = Vp<-120°

 Vcn = Vp<+120° = Vp<-240°

 line voltages Vab, Vbc, and Vca are related to the phase voltages
 Vab = Van + Vnb = Van − Vbn = Vp< 0° − Vp<−120°
 = √ 3 Vp<30°
 Similarly

 Thus, the magnitude of the line voltages VL is √ 3 times the magnitude of


the phase voltages Vp,
 VL = √ 3 Vp
 We can also find the line current using the relation
 Ia = Van/Zy

 Ib = Vbn/Zy = Ia <-120

 Ic = Vcn/Zy = Ia <-240
BALANCED Y-DELTA CONNECTION
 A balanced y-delta connection consists of a balanced y
connected source and a balanced delta connected load
 There is no neutral line in this type of connection

 Assuming positive sequence in the above diagaram


 We can find the phase voltage using the relation
Van=Vp<0 °
Vbn=Vp<-120 °
Vcn=Vp<+120 °
 Similarly we can find line voltage by
Vab=√3 Vp<30°
Vbc= √3 Vp<-90°
Vca= √3 Vp<-210°
 To find the current we use the relation
IAB=VAB/ Z∆
IBC=VBC/ Z∆
ICA=VCA/ Z∆
 IL= √3 Ip

where Ip +|Iab|=|Ibc|=|Ica|
BALANCED DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
 A balanced delta-delta connection is where we have a
balanced delta connected source and a balanced delta
connected load

 Assuming positive sequence we can say


Vab= Vp< 0°
Vbc= = Vp< -120°
Vca= Vp< +120°
 In case of delta-delta connection assuming there is no
line impedance , phase voltage is equal to line voltage
 And phase current can be written as
Iab=Vab/Zdelta
Ibc=Vbc/Zdelta
Ica=Vca/Zdelta
 The line current can be found using KCL
Ia=Iab-Ica
Ib=Ibc-Iab
Ic=Ica-Ibc
IL = √3 Ip
BALANCED DELTA-Y CONNECTION
 A balanced delta-y connection is where there is a
balanced delta connected source and a balanced wye
connected load

 Assuming the abc sequence in the above circuit


we can say the phase voltages are
Vab= Vp<0°
Vbc= Vp<-120°
Vca = Vp<+120°
 By applying KCL to the connection we can find the line
current as
Ia= (Vp /√3<−30°)/Zy
Ib=Ia<-120°
Ic=Ia<+120°
POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM
 For a 3 phase circuit we know that that phase voltages
for y-connected load are

where Vp is the rms value


 If ZY = Z<θ, the phase currents lag behind their
corresponding phase voltages by θ. Thus,
 The total instantaneous power in the load is the sum of
the instantaneous powers in the three phases;
 This shows that instantaneous power in a balanced three-
phase system is constant it does not change with time as
the instantaneous power of each phase does. This result
is true whether the load is Y- or ∆- connected
 Since the total instantaneous po wer is independent of
time, the average po wer per phase Pp for either the ∆-
connected load or the Y-connected load is p∕3
Pp = Vp Ip cos θ
 The reactive power per phase is
Qp = Vp Ip sin θ
 The apparent power per phase is
Sp = Vp Ip
 The complex power per phase is
Sp = Pp + jQp = Vp I *
 The total average power is the sum of the average
powers in the phases:
P=Pa+Pb+Pc=3Pp=3VpIpcosθ=√3 VLIL cos θ
 For a Y-connected load, IL = Ip but VL = √ 3 Vp,
whereas for a ∆-connected load, IL = √3 Ip but VL = Vp
 Similarly, the total reactive power is
Q = 3Vp Ip sin θ = 3Qp = √ 3 VL IL sin θ
 the total complex power is

 Or

 where Zp = Zp<θ is the load impedance per phase


 Vp, Ip, VL, and IL are all rms values and θ is the angle
of the load impedance or the angle between the phase
voltage and the phase current
UNBALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEM
 An unbalanced the phase system is formed when the
source voltage differ in magnitude or have phase
difference that are unequal
 Another reason for this is that the load impedance are
unequal
 In an unbalanced three-phase systems are solved by
direct application of mesh and nodal analysis
 Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current as

 unbalanced line currents produces current in the neutral


line, which is not zero as in a balanced system
 Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current as

 we can still find the line currents Ia, Ib, and Ic using mesh
analysis
 At node N, KCL must be satisfied so that Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
in this case
POWER CALCULATION IN AN UN-
BALANCED 3 PHASE SYSTEM
 power in each phase can be derived using the relations

 The total power is the sum of the powers in the three


phases

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