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Defined As The "Physical and Biological Characteristics That Distinguish Males and Females" (UN Women, 2017)

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Aprile Margareth Hidalgo
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29 views26 pages

Defined As The "Physical and Biological Characteristics That Distinguish Males and Females" (UN Women, 2017)

Uploaded by

Aprile Margareth Hidalgo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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sex

defined as the "physical and


biological characteristics
that distinguish males and
females" (UN Women, 2017)
concept of gender

• the social attributes and opportunities


associated with being male and female
and the relationships between women
and men and girls and boys, as well as
the relations between women and those
between men.
• These attributes, opportunities and relationships
socially constructed and
are

are learned through


socialization processes.

• They are context/ time-specific and changeable.


• Gender determines what is expected, allowed
and valued in a woman or a man in a given
context.
• In most societies there are differences and
inequalities between women and men in
responsibilities assigned, activities undertaken,
access to and control over resources, as well as
decision-making opportunities.
gender discrimination
any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on
the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose
of impairing or nullifying the recognition,
enjoyment or exercise … of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
• Gender discrimination, also known as
sexual discrimination, is any action that
specifically denies opportunities,
privileges, or rewards to a person (or a
group) because of gender.
• The practice of letting a person's gender
become a factor when deciding who
receives a job or a promotion, is gender
discrimination.
• While most discrimination charges claim that
a woman (or women) was discriminated
against in favor of a man (or men), there have
also been cases where males have claimed
that they have been discriminated against on
the basis of gender.
• While a slight difference in qualifications
between a female and a male candidate does
not automatically indicate gender bias (if a
lesser qualified male candidate is hired instead
of a female candidate, that is), a drastic
difference in qualifications has almost always
been upheld by the courts as a sure sign of
gender discrimination.
Example,
• if a male who dropped out of high school
without receiving a diploma is hired in an
administrative position over a female who had
obtained her master's degree, then it is likely
bias was a factor.
• Contrary to the common perception that only
women and girls are discriminated on
• sex discrimination against men and boys can
also happen,

• and in somecases, it can be


even more evident.
• sexism against women and girls is
still a more severe problem in
most parts of the world.
• contrary to popular belief, men
and boys can also be subject to
discrimination.
Forms of gender discrimination
• Sexism is the prejudice or discrimination
based on sex, especially in the form of
discrimination against women ( Merriam-
Webster).
• It can also mean the unfair treatment of
people based on their sex or gender
• sexism is manifested in countries and
cultures around the world is through
the socialization of gender norms
• for centuries in the West, gender
roles have depicted women as the
more nurturing, emotional, and
physically weaker gender.
• women have been relegated to
the domestic sphere, while
gender roles have depicted men
as more fit for public life,
leadership positions, activities in
business, politics, and academia.
• Children can be socialized from an
early age to believe that women and
men have different and proper
gender roles in society.
• Those children may then grow up to
perpetuate the existence of these
damaging and restrictive roles in
society.
• when adults think of a baby as a
boy, they give the baby toy
vehicles, action figures or
construction equipment, and
when they consider the baby to
be a girl they offer her dolls and
kitchen sets.
• Although most forms of sexism and discrimination
negatively impact women, men can be affected as
well.
• According to a survey conducted in five countries
(Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France and the UK), a
significant number of men suffer from gender-based
discrimination at the workplace, especially in areas
with a greater presence of female compared to male
workers, such in health-related services (Eurofound,
2018, p. 10).
• However, women suffer from
discrimination in the workplace,
including within the health
sector, because of historical-
structural conditions that have
greater implications than cases of
discrimination against men.
Implicit bias / implicit sexism
• referring to relatively unconscious and
relatively automatic features of prejudiced
judgment and social behaviour.
• implicit attitudes toward members of socially
stigmatized groups, such as African-
Americans, women, and the LGBTQ [Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer]
community.
• blind auditions (using a screen to conceal the
candidates' identity from the jury) significantly
increased the chances that female musicians
would be selected.
• science faculty members (both male and female)
were more likely to rate the male candidates as
better qualified than the female candidates and
want to hire more men than women.
• They also found that male candidates were given a
higher starting salary compared to female
candidates, and that the employers were willing to
invest more in the development of the male
candidate than the female candidate (Moss-Racusin
and others, 2012).
• more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve
success in leadership roles because a perceived incongruity
between the female gender role and leadership roles leads
to two forms of prejudice:

• (a) Perceiving women less favourably than men as potential


occupants of leadership roles.

• (b) Evaluating behaviour that fulfils the prescriptions of a


leader role less favourably when it is enacted by a woman.
Sexual abuse/harrassment
• Sexual harassment is a legal term
that refers to unsolicited verbal or
physical behaviour of a sexual nature
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018).
• It includes any sexually motivated
behaviour that the recipient finds
offensive.
• Sexual abuse is sexual behavior or a
sexual act forced upon a woman,
man or child without their consent.
• Sexual abuse includes abuse of a
woman, man or child by a man,
woman or child.
• unwanted touching
• comments of a sexually suggestive
nature
• rude or offensive comments about
one's gender identity
• public sexual harassment that exists
in many cultures around the world is
"catcalling."

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