16.

3 Colligative Properties of Solutions >

Chapter 16
Solutions

16.1 Properties of Solutions

16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

16.3 Colligative Properties

of Solutions

16.4 Calculations Involving

Colligative Properties

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > CHEMISTRY &
CHEMISTRY & YOU
YOU

Why do you need salt

to make ice cream?
Ice-cream makers know
that if you add rock salt
to ice, the mixture
freezes at a few
degrees below 0°C.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Describing Colligative Properties

What are three colligative
properties of solutions?

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Tea is not the same as pure water.

• Some of these differences in properties have
little to do with the specific identity of the
solute.
• Instead, they depend upon the mere
presence of solute particles in the solution.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

A colligative property is a property of

solutions that depends only upon the
number of solute particles, not upon their
identity.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Three important colligative properties

of solutions are
• vapor-pressure lowering
• freezing-point depression
• boiling-point elevation

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted
by a vapor that is in dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid in a closed system.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted
by a vapor that is in dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid in a closed system.
• A solution that contains a solute that is
nonvolatile (not easily vaporized) always
has a lower vapor pressure than the pure
solvent.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Higher vapor Lower vapor
pressure pressure

Pure solvent Solvent particle Solution containing Solute particle

nonvolatile solute

Equilibrium is In a solution, solute particles

established between reduce the number of solvent
the liquid and vapor particles able to escape the liquid.
in a pure solvent. Equilibrium is established at a
lower vapor pressure.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater
effects on vapor pressure than does a
nondissociating solute.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater
effects on vapor pressure than does a
nondissociating solute.
• Three moles of sodium
chloride dissolved in
water produce 6 mol of
particles because each
formula unit of NaCl
dissociates into two
ions.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater
effects on vapor pressure than does a
nondissociating solute.
• Three moles of calcium
chloride dissolved in
water produce 9 mol of
particles because each
formula unit of CaCl2
dissociates into three
ions.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater
effects on vapor pressure than does a
nondissociating solute.
• Three moles of glucose
dissolved in water
produce 3 mol of
particles because
glucose does not
dissociate.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure
is proportional to the number of particles the
solute makes in solution.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Which solution has the lowest vapor pressure?

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Which solution has the lowest vapor pressure?

• The vapor-pressure lowering caused by 0.1 mol of NaCl in

1000 g of water is twice that caused by 0.1 mol of glucose
in the same quantity of water.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Which solution has the lowest vapor pressure?

• In the same way, 0.1 mol of CaCl2 in 1000 g of water

produces three times the vapor-pressure lowering as 0.1
mol of glucose in the same quantity of water.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
When a substance freezes, the particles
of the solid take on an orderly pattern.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
When a substance freezes, the particles
of the solid take on an orderly pattern.
• The presence of a solute in water disrupts the
formation of this pattern.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
When a substance freezes, the particles
of the solid take on an orderly pattern.
• The presence of a solute in water disrupts the
formation of this pattern.
• As a result, more kinetic energy must be
withdrawn from a solution than from the pure
solvent to cause the solution to solidify.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
The freezing point of a solution is lower
than the freezing point of the pure solvent.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
The freezing point of a solution is lower
than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
• The difference in temperature between the
freezing point of a solution and the freezing
point of the pure solvent is called the
freezing-point depression.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
Freezing-point depression is another
colligative property.
• The magnitude of the freezing-point
depression is proportional to the number of
solute particles dissolved in the solvent and
does not depend upon their identity.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
The freezing-point depression
of aqueous solutions plays an
important role in helping keep
travelers safe in cold, icy
weather.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Freezing-Point Depression
The freezing-point depression
of aqueous solutions plays an
important role in helping keep
travelers safe in cold, icy
weather.
• The truck spreads a layer of salt on
the icy road to make the ice melt.
• The melted ice forms a solution with
a lower freezing point than that of
pure water.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid phase equals atmospheric pressure.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid phase equals atmospheric pressure.
• Adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid solvent
decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid phase equals the atmospheric pressure.
• Adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid solvent
decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent.
• Because of the decrease in vapor pressure,
additional kinetic energy must be added to raise
the vapor pressure of the liquid phase of the
solution to atmospheric pressure and initiate
boiling.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a solution is higher
than the boiling point of the pure solvent.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a solution is higher
than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
• The difference in temperature between the
boiling point of a solution and the boiling point
of the pure solvent is the boiling-point
elevation.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
The fluid circulating through a car’s cooling
system is a solution of water and ethylene
glycol, or antifreeze.
• The antifreeze doesn’t just
lower the freezing point of
the water in the cooling
system.
• It also elevates the boiling
point, which helps protect
the engine from
overheating in the
summer.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
Boiling-point elevation is a colligative
property; it depends on the concentration of
particles, not on their identity.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Describing Colligative
Properties

Boiling-Point Elevation
Boiling-point elevation is a colligative
property; it depends on the concentration of
particles, not on their identity.
• The magnitude of the boiling-point elevation is
proportional to the number of solute particles
dissolved in the solvent.
– The boiling point of water increases by 0.512°C for
every mole of particles that the solute forms when
dissolved in 1000 g of water.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > CHEMISTRY &
CHEMISTRY & YOU
YOU

Solutes other than NaCl could be

used to produce the same freezing-
point depression in an ice-cream
machine. What factors do you think
make NaCl a good choice?

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > CHEMISTRY &
CHEMISTRY & YOU
YOU

Solutes other than NaCl could be

used to produce the same freezing-
point depression in an ice-cream
machine. What factors do you think
make NaCl a good choice?
NaCl, or rock salt, is readily
available, inexpensive, and non-
toxic. It is an ionic compound. It
produces twice the freezing-point
depression of a molecular solid
such as sucrose, or table sugar.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions >

You have 500 mL of 1M solutions of

NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, and Al2(SO4)3.
Which solution will have the highest
boiling point?
A. NaCl(aq)
B. Na2SO4(aq)
C. Na3PO4(aq)
D. Al2(SO4)3(aq)
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions >

You have 500 mL of 1M solutions of

NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, and Al2(SO4)3.
Which solution will have the highest
boiling point?
A. NaCl(aq)
B. Na2SO4(aq)
C. Na3PO4(aq)
D. Al2(SO4)3(aq)
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Key Concepts

Colligative properties of solutions

include vapor-pressure lowering,
freezing-point depression, and
boiling-point elevation.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Glossary Terms

• colligative property: a property of a solution

that depends only upon the number of solute
particles, and not upon their identities; boiling-
point elevation, freezing-point depression, and
vapor-pressure lowering are colligative
properties

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Glossary Terms

• freezing-point depression: the difference in

temperature between the freezing point of a
solution and the freezing point of the pure
solvent
• boiling-point elevation: the difference in
temperature between the boiling point of a
solution and the boiling point of the pure
solvent

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > BIG IDEA
IDEA

The Mole and Quantifying Matter

Solubility, miscibility, concentration, and
colligative properties are used to describe
and characterize solutions.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions >

END OF 16.3

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