Computer Programming

Lab 3 and 4
Lab Instructor: Junaid Rashid
Bits & Bytes
 A bit is a single numeric value either ‘1’or ‘0. that
encodes a single unit of digital information.
 A byte is a sequence of bits.
 8 bits=1 byte.
Data Types
 A computer program operates on data and produces an
output.
 In C++, each data must be of specific data type.
 The data type determines how the data is represented in the
computer and kind of processing the computer can perform
on it.

 Types of data
 integer (int)
 Float (float)
 Boolean
 Characters (char)

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Integers (int)
 integers are whole numbers with a range of values.
 used to store numbers
 Example: 5, 6, 100, 2500

 On a 32-bit system such as Windows, an int occupies 4

bytes (which is 32 bits) of memory.

 This allows an int to hold numbers in the range from –

2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

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Integers (int)……… continued
 If int is unsigned then the range will be 0 to 4,294,967,295
 Positive integers do not need a + sign in front of them
 No commas are used within an integer. Recall that in C++,
commas are used to separate items in a list. So 36, 782
would be interpreted as two integers: 36 and 782.
Float
 used to represent floating point numbers.

 Examples: 9.1314, 3.1254

 Occupies 4 bytes (32 bits) in memory

 Range: -3.4*10^38 to 3.4*10^38

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Character
 Character types can hold a single character.

 Occupy only 1 byte (eight bits) of memory.

 Commonly used to store ASCII characters.

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ASCII Coding System
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII)
 Originally designed as a 7-bit code
 purpose was to standardize a binary code to give the
computer user the capability of using several
machines to process data regardless of the
manufacturer for transmitting and processing data
 8-bit version of ASCII
boolean
 Boolean or Flag type is a type which can represent only
two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true
respectively.

 This type can be stored in memory using a single bit.

 e.g.

main()
{
bool x=true; //or x=false
}

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Variables

 A storage box, its type defines the kind of stuff you store
in it

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Variable
 Variable is a box
 In computer, a storage box is a memory location on RAM

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Memory in Computer
 First you ask computer to give you a Each little
box and you also have to specify what box is a
type of box you want memory
location

Occupied Free
Memory Memory
Spaces Spaces

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Rules for Variable Naming

 You can use upper and lowercase letters, digits from 0 to 9

and underscore ( _ ).

 The first character must be letter or underscore ( _ ).

 Identifier can be as long as you like but only the first 250
character are recognizable in C++ Compiler.
 Syntax Rule to declare a variable is

Datatype identifier;
For example int result;
Integer Variables Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int var1; //define var1
int var2; //define var2
var1 = 20; //assign value to var1
var2 = var1 + 10; //assign value to var2
cout<<“Result =”;
cout<<var2<< endl; //displaying the sum of var1 + 10
return 0;
} Output:
Result=30
Character Variable Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
char charvar1 = ‘A’; //define char variable
char charvar2 = ‘\t’;
cout << charvar1; // display character
cout << charvar2;
charvar1 = ‘B’; //reassigning charvar1 to B
cout << charvar1;
return 0;
} Output:

A B
Float Variable Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
float radius=2;
float Pi =3.14;

cout <<"Area is " << Pi * rad * rad<< endl;

return 0;
} Output:

Area is 12.56
Constant
 values used in a program that are not changed during the
course of program.

 e.g.
 Circumference=2*pi*r.
 area=pi*r*r

 pi can be declared as a constant here.

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Defining constant

main()
{
const int i = 5;
i = 10; //error, can not modify constant
i++; // error, can not modify constant
}
Basic Input in c++
 cin with insertion operators >>.

 cin>> tells computer to wait for input from user

(keyboard).

 When a value is entered, it needs to be stored/boxed in the

appropriate variable.
Input example
 int age;
 cin >> age;

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Activity 1

Input three integer values from keyboard into

variables a, b and c and add them. Store the result in
an other variable named as Result.
Activity 2

Assign the product of variables b and c to a as entered

by the user.
Arithmetic operators
 Addition +
 Subtraction -
 Multiplication *
 Division /
 Remainder %

Shorthand:

a=a+b a+=b
a=a-b a-=b
a=a*b a*=b
a=a/b a/=b
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a=a%b a%=b
Operator precedence
 ()
 * / %
 + -

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Activity 3
What prints when each of the following c++ statement
is executed? Assume x=2 and y=3.
1. cout<<x;

2. cout<<x+x;

3. cout<<“x=“;

4. cout<<“x=“<<x;

5. cout<<x+y<<“=“<<y+x;
Activity 4
Write a program that calculates the square of a number
entered by the user and displays output as below.
Value Square
4 16

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Evaluate the following expressions
Integer and Float Conversion
• rules that are used for implicit conversion of floating point
and integer values in C++ are;

– An arithmetic operation between an integer and integer always

yields an integer result.

– Operation between a real and real always yields a real result

– Operation between an integer and real always yields a real

result.
Type Conversion In Assignment
 In some Cases, it may happen that the type of the
expression on the right hand side and the type of the
variable on the left hand side of the assignment operator
may not be same.

 In that case the value of the expression is promoted or

demoted depending on the type of the variable on left
hand side of assignment operator.
Type Conversion in Assignments
 Example
int i;
float y;
i = 35.9;
y = 10;

 As 35.9 is of float type it cannot be stored in i of int type. In

this case float is demoted to an int and then value is stored in i.
So the value of i will be 35.
 Same will happen in y i.e. 10 will be promoted to 10.00 and
then will be stored in y.
Type Conversion in Assignment
float a=1.0, b = 2.0, c = 10.0;
int s;
s = a * b * c / 100 + 32 / 4 – 3 * 1.1;

 In the above example, some of the operands are of

type int and some of them are of type float. As we
know during evaluation of the expression int will be
promoted to float and result would be of type float.
But when this float value is assigned to s, it is again
demoted to an int and then stored in s.