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Unit IV SAMPLING AND TYPES OF SAMPLING

This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in research. It explains the key differences between probability and non-probability sampling. Some main types of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. Non-probability sampling methods rely on convenience and judgment rather than random selection. Examples provided illustrate purposeful sampling techniques. Overall, the document provides an overview of various sampling approaches and their relative advantages and disadvantages.

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neha sharma
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75 views

Unit IV SAMPLING AND TYPES OF SAMPLING

This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in research. It explains the key differences between probability and non-probability sampling. Some main types of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. Non-probability sampling methods rely on convenience and judgment rather than random selection. Examples provided illustrate purposeful sampling techniques. Overall, the document provides an overview of various sampling approaches and their relative advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

neha sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAMPLING AND TYPES

OF SAMPLING
UNIT 4
WHY SAMPLES ????

 Lower Cost
 More Accuracy of data
 High Speed of Data Collection
 Availability of Population elements
 Less Field Time
 Overcome the disadvantage - Impossible to study the whole population
SAMPLING
 To whom do you want to generalize your results ?
 All 5 Star Hotels
 All Travel Agency
 All Hotel Customer
 Women aged 15-45 years
 Other

 SAMPLE SIZE : MINIMUM SIZE is 30.


CHARECTERISTCIS OF GOOD
SAMPLE

 The Sample Must be -


 Representative of the population
 Appropriately sized (the larger the better)
 Unbiased
 Random (Selection Occur by Chance)
DIFFERENCE OF PROBABILITY AND NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
COMPARISION FACTORS PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

List of Population Elements Complete list necessary None Necessary

Information about sampling Each unit Identified Needs details on habits, activities,
units traits etc.
Sampling skills required Skills is must for the researcher Little Skills required

Time Required Time Consuming Low time consumption

Cost per unit Sampled Moderated to High Low

Estimates to Population Unbiased Biased


Parameters
Sample Representativeness Good, Assured Suspect, Undeterminable

Accuracy and Reliable Computed With Confidence Interval Unknown

Measurement of Sampling Statistical Measures No true measure available


Error
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 All Subsets of the frame are given an Equal Probability or chance to get select.
So its all By chance and not By Choice.

 Random Number Generators

 E.g. Exit Polls -


TV News Channels Predicts
Selection of party
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Minimal Knowledge of Population Low Frequency of use


needed

Easy to Quantify or analyze Does not use researchers expertise

Equitable and Just Larger risk of random error

Equal and independent chance of For large sample frame this method is
selection to every element impracticable.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
 Population is divided into two or more groups called strata according to some
criterion i.e. Location, Grade Level, Income etc.

 Sub samples are randomly selected from each Strata


STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Assures Representation of all groups in Classification Error


sample population

Characteristics of each Stratum can be Time consuming


made and comparison are made

Higher statistical Efficiency Prior Knowledge of composition and of


distribution of population

Easy to carry out Expensive


CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Cluster Sampling is an example of ‘two stage sampling’.
 In first stage, a sample of area is chosen,
 In second stage a sample of respondents within those areas are selected.
 Population is divided into clusters of homogeneous units, usually based on
geographical contiguity.
 Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
 A sample of such cluster is thus selected - for research.
 All units from the selected clusters are studied.
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Can estimate characteristics of both The cost to reach an element to sample


Cluster and population is very high

Each stage in cluster sampling


introduces sampling error
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
 Order all units in sample frame.
 Then every nth number of the list is selected
 N = Sampling Interval
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Moderate cost and Moderate Usage Samples may become biased

Samples evenly spread over entire Each element does not get equal
reference population chance of selection

Cost effective Ignorance of all between elements.

Easy to verify
NON - PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
NON ROBABLITY SAMPLES

 The probability of each case being selected from the total population is not
know.

 Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of personal judgement or


convenience.

 There are NO Statistical techniques for measuring random sampling error in a


non probability sample.
EXAMPLE

• A Group of Students in an University


conducted a study of Copying Mechanism
of Clinical Instructors. They Interview
clinical instructors they knew in school, a
couple of instructors who handled them in
the area and few others who are known to
them.
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
• Extreme, typical, critical or deviant case: Rare
• Intensity: Depicts interest strongly
• Maximum Variation : range of Nationality, profession
• Homogeneous : Similar sampling groups
• Stratified Purposefully : Across sub categories
• Mixed : Multi stage which combines different sampling
• Sampling Politically Important cases
EXAMPLE

• The Graduate students want to get


opinions from non working mothers. They
go around different areas during the day
when children are likely to be at school.
They ask to have a conversation with the “
Women” of the house. Their first question
they focus on is about their children and
weather they are having a day job or not.

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