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Preview: Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Defining Heat Changes in Temperature and Phase

This section discusses temperature and thermal equilibrium. It defines temperature as being proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It introduces the concepts of internal energy, forms of internal energy, temperature scales such as Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin, thermal expansion, and temperature conversions between scales. Thermometers are also discussed as a tool for measuring temperature.

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Nara Br
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31 views

Preview: Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Defining Heat Changes in Temperature and Phase

This section discusses temperature and thermal equilibrium. It defines temperature as being proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It introduces the concepts of internal energy, forms of internal energy, temperature scales such as Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin, thermal expansion, and temperature conversions between scales. Thermometers are also discussed as a tool for measuring temperature.

Uploaded by

Nara Br
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Section 1

Preview

Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Section 2 Defining Heat

Section 3 Changes in Temperature and Phase


Heat Section 1

Now what do you think?

• Suppose you have two cups of water. One is hot


and the other is cold.
– How is the cold water different from the hot water?
• Describe the motion of the molecules in each.
– What changes would occur if the hot water was
changed into steam?
• What are the common scales used to measure
temperature?
– When is each scale generally used?
– All scales use degrees to measure temperature.
Which scale has the largest degrees? Explain.
Heat Section 1

Temperature is proportional to the KE of atoms and


molecules.
• Temperature measures the average kinetic
energy of the particles.
– Average speed is used because all particles do not
have the same speed, and speeds change as the
particles collide.
• Internal energy is the energy a substance has
due to the motion of the particles (kinetic
energy) and the position of the particles
(potential energy).
Heat Section 1

Different types of energy.


Heat Section 1

Forms of Internal Energy

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept
Heat Section 1

Temperature
• Do thermometers change the temperature of the
substance being measured?
– If so, how?
– How can you minimize the problem?
• Temperature must be measured when thermal
equilibrium is reached.
• Always read a thermometer after it has stopped
rising or falling.
– At this point, equilibrium has been reached between
the thermometer and the substance.
Heat Section 1

Thermometers

• The expansion of mercury changes the reading in this


thermometer.
• How does such a small change in the volume of the
mercury (see circled segments) result in such a large
rise inside the thermometer?
Heat Section 1

Thermal Expansion

MATTER EXPAND as its temperature increases.


All matter expands at high temperature except water
It s volume decreases when its temperature increases .
The same a
mount of Visual Concept
Water
when its temp.decreases become ice with higher volume.
Heat Section 1

Thermometers
• Calibration depends on fixed temperatures.
• Three common temperature scales used:
– Fahrenheit for weather and medicine (U.S.)
– Celsius for work in science
– Kelvin or absolute for many scientific laws
Heat Section 1

Comparison of Temperature Scales


Heat Section 1

The Absolute Temperature Scale


• What is meant by absolute
zero?
– Absolute zero = 0 K
• Suppose the pressure and
temperature of a gas are
plotted as shown, and the
graph is extrapolated to 0 K.
What does this suggest
about P at absolute zero
(-273.15°C or 0 K)?
– P = 0 at absolute zero
Heat Section 1

Temperature Conversions
Heat Section 1

Classroom Practice Problems


• One day it was -40°C at the top of Mont Blanc
and -40°F at the top of Mount Whitney. Which
place was colder?
– Answer: Neither (-40°C = -40°F)
• What is the Fahrenheit temperature equivalent
to absolute zero?
– Answer: -459.67°F
• What is the Celsius temperature on a hot
summer day when the temperature is 100. °F?
– Answer: 37.8°C

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