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Newton's Second Law of Motion: Force and Acceleration

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the object's mass. Acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity. Greater mass results in less acceleration for a given force due to greater inertia. Friction always opposes motion and depends on the types of surfaces and how firmly they are pressed together.

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154 views21 pages

Newton's Second Law of Motion: Force and Acceleration

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the object's mass. Acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity. Greater mass results in less acceleration for a given force due to greater inertia. Friction always opposes motion and depends on the types of surfaces and how firmly they are pressed together.

Uploaded by

Kasey Matthews
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

Force and Acceleration


ICP
Week of 2/9/15
Bell Work
Get out your IP (your completed Net Force worksheet and Newton’s
First Law activity if they have not yet been turned in) and have it ready
to turn in. Next, answer the following questions on a scrap sheet of
paper.
1. What is your average speed if you run 90 m in 15 seconds?
2. A ball sits on the floor in a bus. When the driver hits the brakes,
the ball slides forward. The explanation for this is that
a. Objects can sometimes begin moving without an applied force.
b. The ball was moving along with the bus yet did not experience the braking
force that the bus did, so the bell kept going.
c. Friction on the ball pushed it forward.
3. What does Newton’s First Law state?
Acceleration
  Acceleration

is the rate of
change of velocity
 Acceleration=

 Acceleration includes
speeding up AND slowing
down!
Acceleration Checkpoint
 Suppose that in 1 s, we steadily increase our
velocity from 30 km/h to 35 km/h. In the next
second, we go from 35 km/h to 40 km/h, and so
on. What is our acceleration?
 When a car maintains its speed while making a
turn, is it accelerating?
 What does the unit for acceleration look like?
Force Causes Acceleration
 Acceleration is
directly proportional
 Ifyou push on a
to the net force
shopping cart, it will
 What happens when a accelerate. If you
force is applied in the apply four times the
opposite direction? net force, how much
 What happens what a greater will the
force acts at right acceleration be?
angles?
Mass and Inertia
 The greater an object’s
mass, the greater its
inertia
 Think about kicking a can of
rocks
 Mass: the amount of
matter in an object. Also
a measure of its inertia
(or “laziness”)
 Weight: the force due to
gravity that acts on an
object’s mass
 Volume: measure of space
Checkpoint
 Does a 2-kg iron block have twice as much inertia as a 1-
kg iron block? Twice as much mass? Twice as much
volume? Twice as much weight when weighed in the same
location?
 Does a 2-kg iron block have twice as much inertia as a 1-
kg bunch of bananas? Twice as much mass? Twice as
much volume? Twice as much weight when weighted in
the same location?
 How does the mass of a bar of gold vary with location?
One Kilogram Weighs Ten Newtons
 Thestandard unit of  How many Newtons does a
mass is the kilogram 4-kg block of gold weigh?
 Thestandard unit of
force is the newton
A 1-kg bag of any
material has a weight
of 10 N in standard
units
Mass and Acceleration
 Objects with more mass  Suppose you apply the
are more difficult to same amount of force to
accelerate two carts, one with a
 Mass and acceleration are mass of 4 kg and the other
inversely proportional with a mass of 8 kg.
 Which cart will accelerate
 That is, as one increases,
the other decreases more?
 How much greater will the
 Twice as much mass results
in half the acceleration acceleration be?
Newton’s Second Law

  The

acceleration produced by a net force on an
object is directly proportional to the net force, is
in the same direction as the net force, and is
inversely proportion to the mass of the object.
 In short:
 Acceleration =
 Alternatively, Force=mass*acceleration
Checkpoint: Newton’s Law

 Consider a 1000-kg car


pulled by a cable with 2000
N of force. What will be
the acceleration of the car?
 Hint: N is the same unit as
kg*m/s
 An object weighing 10 kg is
accelerating at 200 m/s2.
What force is being exerted
on the object?
Friction

 Friction always acts in a


direction to oppose motion
 Air drag: friction acting upward
as an object falls through the
air
 The amount of friction between
two surfaces depends on the
kinds of materials and how
much they are pressed together
Check Point: Friction
 Two forces act on a bowl resting on a table: the
bowl’s weight and the support force from the
table. Does a force of friction also act on the
bowl?
 Suppose a high-flying jumbo jet flies at a constant
velocity when the thrust of its engines is a
constant 80,000 N. What is the acceleration of
the jet? What is the force of air drag acting on
the jet?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzvhuQ5RW
JE
Free Fall and Acceleration

 Free fall: when air resistance doesn’t affect the motion of


a falling object
 Acceleration in the same for all freely falling objects
 Always gains speed at a rate of 10 m/s each second (OR 10 m/s2)
 How? Why?
 The ratio of weight to mass is the same for these or any objects
 We know that a feather drops more slowly than a coin when both
are dropped in air—that’s because of air drag. But in a vacuum…
Checkpoint
A 5-kg bag of sand has a weight of 50 N. When
dropped, its acceleration is:
A 10-kg bag of sand has a weight of 100 N. When
dropped, its acceleration is:
 Calculate the free-fall acceleration of a 20-kg bag
of sand.
Air Drag

 Air drag depends on speed and


surface area
 Results in reduced acceleration
 Think about a skydiver with a
parachute
 Terminal speed: when
acceleration is equal to 0
 Occurs when air drag equals
weight
Air Drag: Checkpoint

 Consider two parachutists, a heavy person and a light


person, who jump from the same altitude with parachutes
of the same size.
 Which person reaches terminal speed first?
 Which person has the greatest terminal speed?
 Which person gets to the ground first?
 If there were no air drag, like on the Moon, how would your
answers to these questions differ?
Gliding: Biological Approach

 In nature, when do we see things


taking advantage of air drag and
surface area?
 Why would this be advantageous?
 Escape
 Less energy climbing from tree to
tree
 Less injury upon a fall
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1-FHzf4xnWw
Exit Ticket

1. In what way does mass correspond to inertia?


2. What two things does friction depend upon?
3. One pound is the same as 4.45 N. Show that 1 N
equals 0.23 lb.
4. A 40-kg block of cement is pulled sideways with a
net force of 200 N. What is its acceleration?
To Study For Wednesday/Thursday Quiz

 Vocabulary (see next slide)


 Write out Newton’s First (words) and Newton’s Second (formula)
 Calculate net force
 Calculate average speed`
Vocabulary
 Acceleration: the rate at which velocity changes with time; the change may
be in magnitude or direction or both
 Air drag: frictional resistance due to motion through air
 Free fall: motion under the influence of gravitational pull only
 Friction: the resistive force that opposes motion
 Inversely: when two values change in opposite directions, so that if one
increases and the other decreases by the same amount, they are said to be
inversely proportional to each other
 Kilogram: the fundamental SI unit of mass
 Mass: the amount of matter in an object; the more mass an object has, the
more it resists changes in motion
 Inertia: the property of objects that resists changes in motion
 Volume: the quantity of space an object occupies
 Weight: the force due to gravity on an object

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