Concept of Energy Transmission

1
Group Members

Madiha Muqadsa
Zunaib Ali
Iftikhar
Naeem

COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION &

TECHNOLOGY, ABBOTTABAD
2
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System

The purpose of the electric transmission

system is the efficient interconnection of
the electric energy producing power
plants or generating stations with the
loads.

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Main Parts of Power System
Four Main Parts:

Generation System

Transmission System

Distribution System

Consumer (LOAD)

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Simplified Diagram of Power System

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Generating Station
The commonly used power plants are:

Thermal Power Plant

Nuclear Power

Plant Hydro Power

Plant

Gas Turbine Power Plant

Combined Cycle Power Plant 6

One-Line Diagram of Generating Station

Fig.1: Simplified Connection Diagram

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Main Parts of Generating Station

Circuit Breaker (CB)

A circuit breaker is an automatically

operated electrical switch, designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by faultcurrent or short circuit

Types based on Insulators

Oil Circuit Breaker

Air Circuit Breaker

SF6 Circuit Breaker

Vacuum Circuit
Breaker Fig.2: CB Diagram8
 Table.1: Circuit Breaker Description

Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity

(430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA

Air break Circuit Breaker Air at atmospheric pressure
(3.6-12) KV - 500 MVA

Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric pressure (430-600 ) V

Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV

Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
Air Blast CB.
(20 – 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA

12 KV, 1000 MVA

36 KV , 2000 MVA
SF6 CB. SF6 Gas
145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA

Vacuum CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA

H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC
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Main Parts of Generation Station…

Disconnect Switch

Provides visible circuit separation and

permits CB maintenance. It can be
operated only when the CB is open i.e. in
no-load condition.

Surge Arrester

Used for protection against lightning and

switching over-voltages. They are voltage
dependent, nonlinear resistors (Varistors).
The arrester provides a low-impedance path
to ground for the current from a lightning
strike or transient voltage and then restores
to a normal operating condition.
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Main Parts of Generation Station…

Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers (PT)

Used to lower the magnitude of the current and voltage to be

measured.

In case of normal meters, to measure current and voltage in a high

voltage circuit at 220kV, properly insulated meters are needed to
withstand that voltage. The meters will be very big for that purpose.

The CT and PT is used to solve this problem. The CT and PT works on

the principle of transformer and lowers the current and/or voltage
at a lower value which can be safely and easily measured.

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12
Components of a Transmission Line

Conductor

Earth wire

Insulator

Transmissio
n Tower

Wave trap and other hardware(Clamp,

Spacer, Vibration dampers, connectors
etc.

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 Design Methodology

• Gather preliminary line design data and available climatic data

• Select reliability level in terms of return period of design

• Calculate climatic loading on components

• Calculate loads related to safety during construction and maintenance

• Select appropriate correction factors, if applicable, to the design components

such as use factor, strength factors related to numbers of components, quality
control, and the characteristic strength.

• Design the components for the above loads and strength.

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Selection of Transmission Voltage

Standard Voltage: 66,110,132, 220, 400 KV

Tolerances - ±10% up to 220 KV & ±5% for 400 KV

• Quantum of power to be
Selection evacuated
Criterion • Length of line
of • Voltage regulation
Economic
Voltage • Power loss in Transmission
• Initial and operating cost

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Economic Voltage of Transmission of Power

E = Transmission voltage (KV) (L-L).

L KVA
*E 5. L = Distance of transmission line in KM
5 1 .6 150
KVA=Power to be transferred

* 16
Typical Transmission Voltage Levels

Voltages Level Range Maximum Length (Miles)

(KV)

High Voltage 100 to 230 200

Extra High Voltage 230 to 800 400 to 500

Ultra High Voltage Above 800 1300

Types of Towers

Type A Tower (Tangent Tower • Used on straight runs and up to 2° line diversion
with suspension string)

Type B Tower (Small Angle • Used for line deviation from 2° to 15°
Tower with tension string)

Type C Tower (Medium Angle • Used for line deviation from 15° to 30°.
Tower with tension string ).

Type D Tower (Large angle • Used for line deviation from 30° to 60°
tower with tension
string)
Type E Tower (Dead End • Used for line termination & starting
Tower with tension string)

Suspension Tower (Span • Used for River crossing, Mountain crossing etc.
≈ 1000 m)

Transposition Tower • Used for transposition of tower

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Suspension Tower Transposition Tower Tension Tower
Different Types of Towers

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Selection of Tower Structure

Single circuit Tower/ double circuit Tower

Length of the insulator assembly

Minimum clearances to be maintained between conductors, and between

conductors and tower

Location of earth wire/wires with respect to the outermost conductor

Mid-span clearance required from considerations of the dynamic behavior of

conductors and lightning protection of the line

Minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above ground level

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EHV- Tower

• The figure shows a lattice,

Tower: steel tower.

• V strings hold four

Insulator: bundled conductors in
each phase

• Each conductor is
Conductor: stranded, steel reinforced
aluminum cable.

• Steel-reinforced concrete
Foundation and foundation and grounding
grounding: electrodes placed in the
ground

• Two grounded shield

conductors protect the
Shield conductors: phase conductors from
lightning.
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Tower Design

Tower height

Base width

Top damper width

Cross arms length

Fig. Typical 765 KV Tower Structure

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Height of Tower Structure

Height of tower is determine by-

H h1 h 2 h 3 h 4

h1=Minimum permissible ground

clearance

h2=Maximum sag

h3=Vertical spacing between

conductors

h4=Vertical clearance between

earth-wire
and top conductor
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Determination of Base Width

The base width(at the concrete level) is the distance between the centre of
gravity at one corner leg and the centre of gravity of the adjacent corner leg.

A particular base width which gives the minimum total cost of the tower
and foundations

Ryle
Formula

An applied force that causes a structure to turn over

The ratio of base width to total tower height for most towers is generally
about one-fifth to one-tenth.
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Spacing and Clearances

Ground Clearances

CL 5.182 0.305 * K
Where- V 33
K
33

S.No. Voltage level Ground clearance(m)

1. ≤33 KV 5.20

2. 66 KV 5.49

3. 132KV 6.10

4. 220 KV 7.01

5. 400 KV 8.84

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Clearance for Power Line Crossings

Crossing over • 3.05m above maximum flood level.

rivers:

Crossing over • Minimum clearances between the conductors of a

telecommunication lines power line and telecommunication wires are

Voltage Level Minimum Clearance(mm)

≤33 KV 2440

66KV 2440

132 KV 2740

220 KV 3050

400 KV 4880

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 Power line Crossing another Power line

System Voltage Level Clearance(m)

≤ 66 KV 2.40

132 KV 2.75

220KV 4.55

400 KV 6.00

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Spacing Between Conductor(Phases)

Mecomb's formula
Where-
D V= Voltage of system in KV
Spacing (cm ) 0 .3048 * V 4. S
010 D= Diameter of Conductor in cm
W S= Sag in cm
W= weight of conductor in Kg/m

VDE formula

2 Where-
Spacing (cm ) 7 .5 S V V= Voltage of system in KV
2000
S= Sag in cm

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Still's formula
2

l Where-
Spacing (cm ) 5 .08 1 .814 *
l = Average span length(m)
V 27 .8

NESC formula

L Where-
Spacing (cm ) 0.762 * V 3.681 S
2 V= Voltage of system in KV
S= Sag in cm
L= Length of insulator string in cm

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 Swedish formula
Where-
Spacing (cm ) 6 .5 S 0 .7 * E E= Line Voltage in KV
S= Sag in cm

French formula
Where-
E E= Line Voltage in KV
Spacing (cm ) 8 .0 S L
1. S= Sag in cm
5 L= length of insulating string(cm)

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 Clearances b/w Conductors
SYSTEM TYPE OF Vertical spacing b/w Horizontal spacing b/w
VOLTAG TOWER conductors(mm) conductors(mm)
E

SINGLE
CIRCUIT 1080 4500

66 kV DOUBLE
2060 5550
CIRCUIT

SINGLE
CIRCUIT 4200 7140

DOUBLE
3965 7320
132 KV CIRCUIT

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Types of Conductors

• AAC(All Aluminium Conductor)

• AAAC(All Alloy Aluminium Conductor)
• ACSR Conductor(Aluminium Conductor Steel
Reinforced)

Fig. AAC Conductors Fig. AAAC Conductors

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Table: Technical Data of ASCR Conductors Commonly used in EHV Transmission By Wapda.

Code Stranding Weight Per Km Weight Diameter Cross Area of Rated D.C
Words Aluminum Steel Aluminum Steel Complete Complete Steel Area of
Complete Ultimate Resistance Conductor Core Conductor Conductor Core Aluminum
Conductor Strength at 200

No/mm No/mm kg/km kg/km kg/km mm mm mm2 mm2 kg

ohm/km

Gopher 6/2.36 1/2.36 72 34.1 106 7.08 2.36 26.25 30.62 980 1.093
Rabbit 6/3.35 1/3.35 145.1 68.8 214 10.05 3.35 52.88 61.69 1875 0.543
Dog 6/4.72 7/1.57 288.1 106.2 394 14.15 4.71 104.98 118.53 3225 0.273
Hare 6/4.72 1/4.72 288.1 136.5 425 14.16 4.72 105 122.5 3225 0.273
Osprey 16/4.465 ¼.465 777 121.8 898.8 22.23 4.465 281.9 297.56 6220 0.123
Cuckoo 24/4.62 7/3.08 1116 407.6 15424 27.72 9.24 402.33 454.48 12385 0.072
Zebra 54/3.18 7/3.18 1182 439 1621 28.62 3.18 428.9 484.59 13000 0.0686
Moose 54/3.53 7/3.53 1463 535 1998 31.77 3.53 528.5 597.0 16224 0.0559
Panther 30/3 7/3 588 387 976 21 3 212.1 261.5 9150 0.07311

400kv - 'Moose' ACSR

220kv - 'Zebra' ACSR
132kv - 'Panther'
ACSR

Fig. ASCR Conductors 34

Selection of Conductor Size

• Mechanical Requirement

• Electrical Requirement

• Tensile Strength(For
Mechanical Tension)
Requirement • Strain Strength(For
Vibration)

Use vibration damper for vibration control.

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 • Continuous current rating.
• Short time current carrying rating.
• Voltage drop
Electrical • Power loss
Requirement • Minimum dia to avoid
corona
• Length of line
• Charging current

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Continuous Current Rating.

The designated RMS alternating current in amperes which a

conductor will carry continuously in free air without tripping or
exceeding temperature limits.

The normal continuous current rating of line traps is per

manufacturer’s nameplate and based at 40°C ambient
temperature.

This current rating can be adjusted for specific ambient

temperature without exceeding the normal allowable
maximum temperature a line trap can withstand.

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Short Time Rating

According to short time rating conductor size is given by-

A 7.
58 * I F * t

Where A=area of conductor(mm2)

IF= fault current(KA)
t= fault duration(1 sec.)

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Corona

A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by

the ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor that is
electrically energized.

Visual corona voltage in fair weather condition is given

by-

r (1 0 .3) D
V0 21 .1 m n
r
log r
• V0= corona starting voltage, KV(rms)
• r= radius of conductor in cm
• D= GMD equivalent spacing b/w conductors in cm
• m= roughness factor
= 1.0 for clean smooth conductor
=0.85 for stranded conductor
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INSULATOR

Insulator are required to support the line conductor

and provide clearance from ground and structure.

Insulator material-
• High grade Electrical Porcelain
• Toughened Glass
• Fiber Glass

Choice of insulator material is govern by availability,

price and ease of maintenance.

Porcelain insulator are largely used in

Pakistan.
Earth Wire

Earth wire provided above the phase conductor across the

line and grounded at every tower.
• It shield the line conductor from direct strokes
• Reduces voltage stress across the insulating strings during lightning
strokes

Design criterion:
• Shield angle
• 25°-30° up to 220 KV
• 20° for 400 KV and above

• Earth wire should be adequate to carry very short

duration lightning surge current of 100 KA without A 5 I t
excessive over heating
A= Area(in mm2) of cu conductor
I =current in KA
• Duration should be consider as 200 µ- t = Time insecond
sec
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• Safe temp rise limited to 300°C
Mid span clearance:
• Direct distance b/w earth wire and top power conductor.

Following value of mid span clearance should be considered

System voltage Mid span clearance(m)

≤ 66 KV 3.0

110 KV 4.5

132 KV 6.1

220 KV 8.5

400 KV 9.0

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Tower Grounding

Used to reduce earth wire potential and stress on

insulators at the time of stroke and also for safety

• Tower footing resistance will be 10Ω and

should not be more than 20 Ω under any
condition throughout the year

• Earth resistance depend upon soil

resistivity(general 100 Ω-m)

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Method of Tower
Grounding
• One or more conductor are connected to tower
Buried lags and buried in back filled of tower foundation.
Conductor • Used where soil resistivity is low

• A length of wire/ Strip of 50 m is buried horizontally at depth

Counterpoise of 0.5 m bellow ground. This wire is connected to tower lags.
Wire • Used when earth resistance is very high and soil
conductivity is mostly confined to upper layer)

• Pipe/Rod of 3 to 4 m is driven into ground near the

Rod Pipe tower and top of rod is connected to tower by suitable
wire/strip
• Used where ground conductivity increase with depth

• Pipe/Rod of 3 to 4 m are buried in treated earth pits and

Treated Earth top of rod is connected to tower by suitable wire/strip.
Pits • Used in very high resistivity near tower

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