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Introduction To Artificial Intelligence1

The document introduces artificial intelligence and discusses its key concepts. It defines AI as using computer science to develop intelligent machines that think and work like humans. It then provides examples of commonly used AI technologies and applications. The document explores different approaches to AI, including cognitive systems that think like humans, logical systems that think rationally, and rational agents that act intelligently. It discusses what capabilities a computer may need to pass the Turing test and act intelligently.

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148 views

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence1

The document introduces artificial intelligence and discusses its key concepts. It defines AI as using computer science to develop intelligent machines that think and work like humans. It then provides examples of commonly used AI technologies and applications. The document explores different approaches to AI, including cognitive systems that think like humans, logical systems that think rationally, and rational agents that act intelligently. It discusses what capabilities a computer may need to pass the Turing test and act intelligently.

Uploaded by

Nah Not today
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence
What is AI?

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer


sciences that emphasizes the development of
intelligence machines, thinking and working like
humans.
Intelligent AI solutions we use
• Siri
• Netflix
• Google map
• Chatbots
• E-payments
• Tesla
• Drones
AI Application areas
• Healthcare
• Gaming
• Finance
• Security
• Social media
• Robotics
• Agriculture
And many more…
What is intelligence?/ characteristics of intelligent
behavior

– Perception
– Learning
– Reasoning
– Problem solving
– Using Language
Obvious question
• What is AI? (John Mccarthy)
– Programs that behave externally like humans?
– Programs that operate internally as humans do?
– Computational systems that behave intelligently?
– Rational behavior?
The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people
are better.

Rich & Knight, 1991


What is AI Technique?
• In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed
properties −
– Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
– It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
– It keeps changing constantly.
• AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge
efficiently in such a way that −
– It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
– It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
– It should be useful in many situations though it is
incomplete or inaccurate.
• AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex
program it is equipped with.
• Examples: search techniques, neural networks,
Approaches to AI
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally
(thoughts, experience, sences) Emphasis on correct inferences
Cognitive approach Logic
Systems that act rationally
Rational behavior: doing the right
thing
The right thing: that which is
Systems that act like humans expected to maximize goal
Turing test achievement, given the available
information
Ex: recoiling from a hot stove is a
reflex action that is usually more
successful than a slower action taken
after careful deliberation.
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science
• 1960 “Cognitive Revolution”: information-processing
psychology replaced behaviorism

• Cognitive science brings together theories and


experimental evidence to model internal activities of
the brain
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence
discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent

– “Can machines think?”  “Can machines behave intelligently?”


– The Turing test (The Imitation Game): Operational definition of
intelligence.

CS 561, Lecture 1
What would a computer need to pass the
Turing test?

• Natural language processing: to communicate with examiner.

• Knowledge representation: to store and retrieve information


provided before or during interrogation.

• Automated reasoning: to use the stored information to


answer questions and to draw new conclusions.

• Machine learning: to adapt to new circumstances and to


detect and extrapolate patterns.
What would a computer need to pass the
Turing test?

• Vision (for Total Turing test): to recognize the examiner’s


actions and various objects presented by the examiner.

• Motor control (total test): to act upon objects as requested.

• Other senses (total test): such as audition, smell, touch, etc.


Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
• Aristotle (~ 450 B.C.) attempted to codify “right thinking”
What are correct arguments/thought processes?

• E.g., “Socrates is a man, all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal”

• Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:


notation plus rules of derivation for thoughts.
• Two problems:
– Not all intelligent behavior is refereed by logical deliberation (thinking)
– There is difference between ‘being able to solve the problem’ in
principle and doing so in practice.
• Problems With few dozen facts can exhaust computational resources
Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent
• Rational behavior: Doing the right thing!
• The right thing: That which is expected to maximize the
expected return
• Provides the most general view of AI because it includes:
– Correct inference (“Laws of thought”)
– Uncertainty handling
– Resource limitation considerations (e.g., reflex vs. deliberation)
– Cognitive skills (NLP, AR, knowledge representation, ML, etc.)

• Advantages:
1) More general
2) Its goal of rationality is well defined

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