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TODAY’S HOT STUFF
(DAY 1)

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 UNIT 3
INSTITUTIONS AND STRATIFICATION
 CHAPTER 6
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

Family is defined as the basic or the smallest unit of the society.

KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

“Family is a social group characterized by common residence,

economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both
sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual
relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the
sexually cohabiting adults.”
- George Peter Murdock, 1949
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

“Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or

adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and
communicating with each other in their respective social roles of
husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and
sister and creating and maintaining a common culture.”
- Ernest Burgess and Harvey Locke, 1963
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

Kinship refers to the web of social relationships that form an

essential part of the lives of most humans in most societies.

Descent refers to the origin or background of a person in terms of

family or nationality.

A descent group is a social group whose members have common

ancestry.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

“Marriage is a special contract of permanent union

between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law
for the establishment of conjugal and family life.”
- Family Code of the Philippines, 1987
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

“People marry for combined reasons: love, economic and

emotional security, the parents’ desires, escaped from solitude or
forlorn home situation, money, companion-ship, protection,
adventure, or common interests. Sex or sexual attraction or is the
least consideration, but marriage makes sexual intercourse
legitimate. It sanctions parenthood and provides a stable
background for rearing of children.”
- Bowman, 1970
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

The Family Code of the Philippines (1987) speaks of two

aspects of marriage: as a contract and as a status.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

Minimum age for marriage: 18 years old

You cannot get married in the Philippines under 18 years old

even though your parents agreed with your marriage.

Individuals must be at least 21 years old to get married in the

Philippines without written parental consent.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FORMS OF MARRIAGE

Monogamy allows or permits a man to take only one spouse one

at a time.

Polygamy is a form of plural marriage and can assume three

forms: polygyny, polyandry, and group marriage.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FORMS OF MARRIAGE

Polygyny is the marriage of one man to two or more women at

the same time.

Polyandry is the marriage of one woman to two or more men at

the same time.

Group marriage is the marriage of several men to several women

at the same time.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
SELECTION OF MARRIAGE PARTNERS

Endogamy refers to the norm which dictates that one should

marry with one’s clan or ethnic group.

Exogamy prescribes that one can marry outside one clan’s or

ethnic group.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
SELECTION OF MARRIAGE PARTNERS

Levirate Norm prescribes that a widowed woman should marry

the brother or nearest kin of the deceased husband.

Surrogate Norm prescribes that a widowed man should marry

the sister or nearest kin of the deceased wife.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON INTERNAL
ORGANIZATION OR MEMBERSHIP

Family of orientation is the family in which a person is born and

raised into.

Family of procreation is the family established through

marriage, and having or adopting children.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON INTERNAL
ORGANIZATION OR MEMBERSHIP

Nuclear family consists of two parents (father and mother), and

the child/children.

Extended family consists of two or more adults or nuclear

families who are related, either by blood or marriage, living in
the same home.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES CORRESPINDING TO
NUCLEAR AND EXTENDED FAMILIES

Conjugal family is made up of the spouses and their underage

children whose ties to relatives are voluntary and based on
emotional bonds.

Consanguine family consists of the nuclear family and their

relatives who are living together under one roof.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON DESCENT

Patrilineal descent which affiliates a person with a group of

relatives through his or her father.

Matrilineal descent which affiliates a person with a group of

relatives through his or her mother.

Bilateral descent which affiliates a person with a group of

relatives related through his or her parents.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON RESIDENCE

Patrilocal residence requires that the newly married couple live

with or near the domicile of the parents of the groom.

Matrilocal residence requires that the newly married couple live

with or near the domicile of the parents of the bride.

Bilocal residence gives the couple a choice of staying with either

the groom’s parents or the bride’s parents, depending on factors.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON RESIDENCE

Neolocal residence permits the newly married couple to reside

independently of the parents of either groom or bride.

Avunculocal residence prescribes that the newly married couple

reside with or near the maternal uncle of the groom.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON AUTHORITY

Patriarchal family is one in which the authority is vested in the

eldest male in the family, often the father.

Matriarchal family is one in which the authority is vested in the

mother or the mother’s kin.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON AUTHORITY

Egalitarian family is one in which both the husband and the wife
exercise a more or less equal amount or degree of authority.

Matricentric family is usually found in places where the father

commutes and is out for the greater part of the day.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY

1. The family regulates sexual behavior and is the unit for

reproduction.

2. The family performs the function of biological maintenance.

3. The family is the chief agency in socializing the child.

KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY

4. The family gives its members status.

5. The family is an important mechanism for social control.

6. The family performs economic functions, especially in the

simple societies.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• The basic social unit of the Philippine society is the nuclear

family, which includes the father, mother, and children.

• Other important relationships are those of the siblings and

the cousins and of the grandparents and grandchildren.

• The Christian Filipino family has often been described as a

large family group, including three generations in the whole
house.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• Studies of the social organization of Philippine barrios tend to

discount this description.

• The joint family is the most common type among the

Muslims.

• Blood kinship plays an important role in the Filipino family so

that the family may be considered consanguineal.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• The Filipino family is frequently said to be patriarchal in

authority.

• Macaraig (1948:87) cites the patriarchal family as one of the

factors responsible for family solidarity.

• Studies made by sociologists and anthropologists reveal that

the Filipino family is not patriarchal, at past or in the present,
but egalitarian.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• Although the father is generally the head of the family, the

mother is equally vested with authority over the children.

• Children show respect and obey all elders, but their

commitment or obligation increases where their relatives are
concerned.

• The Filipino family is bilateral in terms of reckoning descent

and social allocation.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• Fox (1959:6) speaks of the bilateral family as a highly central

unit demanding the interests and loyalties of its members to the
exclusion of the broader units of the society.

• He also describes the larger Filipino society as anarchy of

families.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY
• A reconstituted family, also known as blended family, is the
sociological term for the union of two adults via marriage,
cohabitation or civil partnership, who have had past
relationships and children from them.

• There are instances that, the non-biological parents will adopt

the other children, but not always.

• To formalize an adoption, both biological parents, except in

the case of death, should approve the adoption.
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

• Nowadays, it is greatly acceptable for the adults in the

relationship to live together and raise the children mutually
minus the legal commitment of a marriage or adoption.

• This situation can cause problems, mostly in terms of child

support, medical decisions, and other complex issues like:
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY

1. Conflicting roles of family members

2. Conflicting family values and responsibilities of each family

member

3. Social etiquette complications

4. Pressure on the part of the biological parents and the new

partners
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY
There are still enormous benefits to a blended family at the same
time:
1. All family members learn to appreciate greater diversity and
differences

2. Often, more financial and emotional support is available for

all family members

3. Children have the benefit of two, or more, caring parents to

provide role model