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Partial Differential Equations: The Wave Equation

The document discusses the one-dimensional wave equation and its solutions. It examines both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous forms of the wave equation. It covers solving the wave equation using separation of variables for problems with different boundary conditions on a finite interval. It also discusses the d'Alembert solution for the initial value problem of the homogeneous wave equation on an infinite interval. Several examples are provided.

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Arofah Faiza
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88 views

Partial Differential Equations: The Wave Equation

The document discusses the one-dimensional wave equation and its solutions. It examines both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous forms of the wave equation. It covers solving the wave equation using separation of variables for problems with different boundary conditions on a finite interval. It also discusses the d'Alembert solution for the initial value problem of the homogeneous wave equation on an infinite interval. Several examples are provided.

Uploaded by

Arofah Faiza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
THE WAVE EQUATION
Abadi
Universitas negeri surabaya
The wave equation
■
The  prototype of a class of hyperbolic equations and one of the most
important differential equations of mathematical physics is the wave
equation

u Laplacian
c is a real positive constant.
A solution of eq. 1 is called a wave function.
The wave equation
■
The  inhomogeneous wave equation is

In physics F represents an external driving force, which is


independent of u.
In mathematical physics, a function which is sought has to satisfy
the equation and some auxiliary conditions 
• Initial value problem
• boundary value problem
One-dimensional wave equation
(Infinite Interval)
The homogeneous wave equation in one dimension is

 2u  2
u
 c 2
,    x   ,t  0  3
t 2
x 2

 2u  2
u
 c 2
0
t 2
x 2

 
Dt2  c 2 D x2 u  0
 Dt  cDx  Dt  cDx  u  0
u x , t   ?
One-dimensional wave equation

Suppose  is a given function, then u( x , t )    x  ct 

t  0 , u x ,0     x 
t  1c , u x , 1c     x  1
t  2c , u x , 2c     x  2 

t  1, u x ,1    x  c 
One-dimensional wave equation

-c -2 -1 0 1 2 c x
One-dimensional wave equation

u( x , t )    x  ct 

represents a wave traveling to the right with speed c whose shape does not
change as it moves.
One-dimensional wave equation

-c -2 -1 0 1 2 c x
Initial value problem
■
The  intended initial value problem is

with the initial condition:

where  and  is arbitrary function in .


By existence and uniqueness theorem, there exist only one solution
of the IVP.
Initial value problem
■
The  general solution
Applying the initial condition

Solving (*) and (**) for f’ and g’, we obtain


Show These!
Initial value problem

xs
s
1 1
f  s    s     d  A ,
2 2c 0
s
1 1
g s     s      d  B
2 2c 0
Since

  s   f  s   g s   A B  0
Initial value problem

■
So,  f and g satisfy the initial conditions.
Therefore, If we substitute s = x – ct in f, and
s = x + ct in g, we have:

(D’Alembert (1746))
Initial value problem

■  
Examples:
1. Solve
2. Solve
3. Solve
(Hint: factorize the operator)
One-dimensional wave equation
(Finite Interval)

■
The  initial and boundary value problem

Dirichlet Condition
with some initial conditions:
Separation of variables methods

■
The  separated solution of (4) is of the form:

Substituting this into (4) we have:

or
Separation of variables methods
■   we have two ODE:
Thus
Eigenvalue
Problems
Check for the case of
(i)
(ii).
(iii)
for both problems, then construct the solution.
Examples

Solve the following wave equation


utt  u xx  0 , 0  x   , t  0
u 0 , t   u   , t   0 , t  0
u x ,0   0 , ut  x ,0   sin x  sin 2 x , 0  x  
One-dimensional wave equation
(Finite Interval)

Derive the solution of The initial and boundary value problem


 2u 2
2  u
2
c 2
, 0  x  l, t  0
t x
u x  0, t   u x  l , t   0
Neumann Condition

with some initial conditions:


u x ,0     x  , ut  x ,0     x 
Exercises

■
Solve
  the following PDE if
1. .

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