☻ 1.

0 Axial Forces
2.0 Bending of Beams
Now we consider the elastic deformation of beams (bars) under
bending loads.

M M

www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/mechanical/MechEng242
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Application to a Bar

Normal Force:

Fn Fn

Bending Moment: S.B.

Mt Mt

Shear Force:
Ft Ft

Torque or Twisting Moment: K.J.

Mn
Mn
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Examples of Devices under Bending Loading:

Excavator
Atrium
Yacht
Structure

Car Chassis

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

2.0 Bending of Beams
2.1 Revision – Bending Moments (Refer: B,C & A – Sec’s 6.1,6.2)

2.2 Stresses in Beams (Refer: B,C & A –Sec’s 6.3-6.6)

x x
P
x
Mxz Mxz
2.3 Combined Bending and Axial Loading (Refer: B,C & A –
P1 Sec’s 6.11, 6.12)

P2
2.4 Deflections in Beams (Refer: B,C & A –Sec’s 7.1-7.4)

2.5 Buckling (Refer: B,C & A –Sec’s 10.1, 10.2)

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
2.1 Revision – Bending Moments
RECALL… (Refer: B, C & A – Chapter 6)

Last year Jason Ingham introduced Shear Force and Bending

Moment Diagrams.
12 kN

3m 3m Q
(SFD)
0

M (BMD)

0
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Consider the simply supported beam below:
(Refer: B, C&A – Sections 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 6.1)

y Radius of Curvature, R

x P
Deflected
A B Shape

Mxz Mxz
RAy RBy

Mxz Mxz
What stresses are
generated within, due to
bending?
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 P
W A B

u
Mxz Mxz
RAy RBy

Recall: Axial Deformation Bending

Load Bending
(W) Moment
(Mxz)

Axial Stiffness Flexural Stiffness

Extension (u) Curvature (1/R)

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Axial Stress Due to Bending: Mxz=Bending Moment
y
x (Compression)
Mxz Mxz
x
x=0
Beam

x (Tension)

Unlike stress generated by axial loads, due to bending:

x is NOT UNIFORM through

the section depth

x DEPENDS ON:
(i) Bending Moment, Mxz
(ii) Geometry of Cross-section
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Sign Conventions: Qxy=Shear Force
y
Mxz=Bending Moment

x
Mxz Mxz -ve x

Qxy Qxy +ve x

+VE (POSITIVE)

“Happy” Beam is +VE “Sad” Beam is -VE

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Example 1: Bending Moment Diagrams
P y

Mxz=P.L
A B x
L
RAy=P

P.L Mxz
Qxy P
P x

Mxz
Mxz Mxz Qxy

Qxy Qxy F  0 ;
y  Q xy  P

Q & M are POSITIVE M  0 ;

z  Mxz  P L  x 
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Q xy  P; Mxz  P L  x 
P y
L
P.L
A Mxz B x
x Qxy
P

P Shear Force
+ve Diagram
Qxy 0 (SFD)

Bending
Mxz 0 Moment
-ve
Diagram
-P.L (BMD)
To find x and deflections, need to know Mxz.
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Example 2: Macaulay’s Notation P y
a b

A C B x

P b
R Ay  Pa
 a  b R By 
x  a  b
P
a

P b A Mxz
 a  b Qxy
Pb
M 0 ;  Mxz  P  x  a    x  0
z
 a  b
Pb
 Mxz   x   P  x  a
 a  b
Where  x  a can only be +VE or ZERO.
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 P y
a b

A C B x

Pb Pa
 a  b x  a  b

Pb
(i) When x  a : Mxz   x  P  x  a 1
 a  b 0
Pb
(ii) When x  a : Mxz   x  P  x  a 2
 a  b
Mxz
BMD: Eq. 1
Pab
Eq. 2
 a  b
+ve

0 A C B
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
 Example 3: Distributed Load Distributed Load w
per unit length
y
wL2
Mxz= A B
x 2
L
RAy=wL x

wL2
wx Mxz
2
Qxy
wL
Mxz
Qxy

F  0 ;
y wL  wx  Q xy  0  Q xy  w  L  x 
wL2 x
M  0 ;
z Mxz   wL  x   wx    0
2
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
2 Bending of Beams
 wx 2 wL2
 Q xy  w  L  x   Mxz  wLx  
2 2

Mxz
L
BMD: 0
-ve

x
-wL2
2
wL2
@ x  0; Mxz 
2
@ x  L; Mxz  0

L wL2
@x  ; Mxz 
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
2 8 Bending of Beams
Summary – Is anything Necessary for Revision
Generating Bending Moment Diagrams is a key skill you must revise.
From these we will determine:

• Stress Distributions within beams,

• and the resulting Deflections

Apart from the revision problems on Sheet 4, you might try these
sources:

• B, C & A Worked Examples, pg 126-132

Problems, 6.1 to 6.8, pg 173
• Jason Ingham’s problem sheets:
www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/mechanical/EngGen121

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams