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Headlosses

The document discusses head losses in pipes including major losses from friction and minor losses from fittings and bends. It defines head loss and the different types including kinetic, potential, and pressure head. Dimensional analysis of the head loss equation is presented. Darcy-Weisbach equation for friction loss is described for both laminar and turbulent flow.

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Muhammad Waheed Abid
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27 views34 pages

Headlosses

The document discusses head losses in pipes including major losses from friction and minor losses from fittings and bends. It defines head loss and the different types including kinetic, potential, and pressure head. Dimensional analysis of the head loss equation is presented. Darcy-Weisbach equation for friction loss is described for both laminar and turbulent flow.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Waheed Abid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Head Losses

• Definition
• Dimensional Analysis
• Types
• Darcy Weisbech Equation
• Major Losses
• Minor Losses
• Causes
6/10/2015 3
Head Loss
• Head loss is loss of energy per unit
weight.
• Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight

• Head losses can be


– Kinetic Head

– Potential Head

– Pressure Head

6/10/2015 Danial Gondal 4


• Kinetic Head
– K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g

• Potential Head
– P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z

• Pressure Head
– P.H = P/ ρ g

6/10/2015 5
Dimensional Analysis
• (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant

• (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant

• (L) + (L) + (L) = constant


• As L represent height so it is dimensionally L.

6/10/2015 6
Head Loss
• However the equation
(P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant
Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we
are studying viscous flow so
(P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade
Line At point 1)
(P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade
Line At point 2)
6/10/2015 7
Head Loss
• For Inviscid Flow

EGL1 - EGL2= 0

• For Viscous Flow

EGL1 - EGL2=

Hf
6/10/2015 8
MAJOR LOSSES
IN PIPES
Friction Loss
•Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in
pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of
the pipe.
• Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss"
•In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines,
it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between
two moving surfaces.
•This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ)
between the fluid and pipe surface.

6/10/2015 10
Friction Loss
•The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the
flow is turbulent or laminar.
•For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the
roughness of the surface.
•In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are
negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is
formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy,
while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent.

6/10/2015 11
Friction Loss
Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the
pipe walls.The general equation for head loss due to
friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is

where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe,


D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow
velocity.
This equation is valid for pipes of any diameter and for both
laminar and turbulent flows.

6/10/2015 12
Friction Loss
For Laminar Flow

For Turbulent Flow

6/10/2015 13
MINOR LOSSES
IN PIPES
• In addition to head loss due to friction, there are always other
head losses due to pipe expansions and contractions, bends,
valves, and other pipe fittings. These losses are usually
known as minor losses (hLm).

• In case of a long pipeline, the minor losses maybe negligible


compared to the friction losses, however, in the case of short
pipelines, their contribution may be significant.
• Losses caused by fittings, bends, valves, etc…
• Minor in comparison to friction losses which
are considered major.
• Losses are proportional to – velocity of flow,
geometry of device.

HL = K (v² /2g)

• The value of K is typically provided for various


devices.
• Energy lost – units – m or ft
• K - loss factor - has no units (dimensionless).
Minor Losses Are Due to
KV2
hLm 2g
where ,

HLm = minor loss Type K


Exit (pipe to tank) 1.0

K = minor loss Entrance (tank to pipe) 0.5

90 elbow 0.9

coefficient V = mean 45 elbow 0.4


T-junction 1.8
flow velocity Gate valve 0.25 - 25

Typical K values
Sudden Enlargement
• As fluid flows from a smaller pipe into a larger pipe through
sudden enlargement, its velocity abruptly decreases; causing
turbulence that generates an energy loss.

• The amount of turbulence, and therefore the amount of


energy, is dependent on the ratio of the sizes of the two pipes.
• Energy lost is because of turbulence. Amount of
turbulence depends on the differences in pipe diameters.

HL = K (v² /2g)

• The values of K have been experimentally determined and


provided in Figure and Table
• Analytical expression of K - If the velocity v1 < 1.2 m/s or 4
ft/s, the K values can be given as :

K = [ 1-(A1/A2) ]² = [ 1-
(D1/D2)² ]²
• As previous table consist of practical values therefore
theoretical formulas are different for different
values & above mentioned formula is applicable at 1.2
m/s velocity.
Sudden Contraction
• Decrease in pipe diameter

Note that the loss is related to the velocity in the second


(smaller) pipe!
• The section at which the flow is the narrowest – Vena Contracta
•At vena contracta, the velocity is maximum.
 Energy losses for sudden contraction are less than those for sudden enlargement.
Comparison
Gradual Contraction
• Again a gradual
contraction will
lower the energy
loss (as opposed to
sudden
contraction). θ is
called the cone
angle.
Exit Loss
• Case of where pipe enters a tank – a very large enlargement.

• The tank water is assumed to be stationery, that is, the


velocity is zero.
• Therefore all kinetic energy in pipe is dissipated,
therefore K
=1.0
Gradual Enlargement
• If the enlargement is gradual (as opposed to our previous
case) – the energy losses are less.
• The loss again depends on the angle of enlargement.
Entrance Losses
Fluid moves from zero velocity in tank to
v².
6/10/2015 32
Causes
Head loss has several causes, including:
• Losses depend on the conditions of flow and the physical
properties of the system.
• Movement of fluid molecules against each other
• Movement of fluid molecules against the inside surface of a
pipe or the like, particularly if the inside surface is rough,
textured, or otherwise not smooth
• Bends and other sharp turns in piping

6/10/2015 33
Causes
In pipe flows the losses due to friction are of two
kinds:
• Skin-friction
– This is due to the roughness of the inner part of the
pipe where the fluid comes in contact with the
pipe material
• Form-friction
– It is due to obstructions present in the line of flow
perhaps a bend, control valve, or anything that
changes the course of motion of the flowing fluid.

6/10/2015 34
THANK YOU…

ANY QUESTION PLEASE


……???

6/10/2015 35

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