Signal

Signal can be defined as a physical quantity, which contains some information. It is a function of one or
more than one independent variables. Signals are of two types.
• Analog Signal
• Digital Signal
Analog Signal
An analog signal is defined as the signal having continuous values. Analog signal can have infinite number
of different values. In real world scenario, most of the things observed in nature
are analog. Examples of the analog signals are following.
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Distance
• Sound
• Voltage
• Current Time
• Power Fig. Analog SIgnal
Graphical representation of Analog Signal Temperature
• Disadvantage of Analog Systems
• Less accuracy
• Less versatility
• More noise effect
• More distortion
• More effect of weather
Digital Signal
A digital signal is defined as the signal which has only a finite number of distinct values. Digital
signals are not continuous signals. In the digital electronic calculator, the input is given with the
help of switches. This input is converted into electrical signal which have two discrete values or
levels. One of these may be called low level and another is called high level. The signal will always
be one of the two levels. This type of signal is called digital signal. Examples of the digital signal
are following.
• Binary Signal
• Octal Signal
• Hexadecimal Signal Fig. Digital Signal
Graphical representation of the Digital Signal
Advantage of Digital Systems
• More accuracy
• More versatility
• Less distortion
• Easy communicate
• Possible storage of information
• Decimal Number System
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base
10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point
represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
• Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
• Octal Number System
Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
• Hexa Decimal Number System
Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F

NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION

Decimal to Other Base System
Steps
• Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
• Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit least significant digit of new base number.
• Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
• Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit of the new base number.
• Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.
The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit MSD of the new base number.
Other Base System to Decimal System
Steps
• Step 1 − Determine the column positional value of each digit
• Step 2 − Multiply the obtained column values in Step1 by the digits in the
corresponding columns.
• Step 3 − Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent
value in decimal.
Other Base System to Non-Decimal System
 BINARY CODES
In the coding, when numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific group of symbols, it is said
that the number, letter or word is being encoded. The group of symbols is called as a code. The digital
data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary bits. This group is also called as binary
code. The binary code is represented by the number as well as alphanumeric letter.
Advantages of Binary Code
Following is the list of advantages that binary code offers.
• Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications.
• Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications.
• Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits if we use the binary codes.
• Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.

Binary Coded Decimal BCD code

In this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary number. BCD is a way to express each of
the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen numbers
0000to1111. But in BCD code only first ten of these are used 0000to1001. The remaining six code
combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.
Advantages of BCD Codes
• It is very similar to decimal system.
• We need to remember binary equivalent of decimal numbers 0 to 9
only.
Disadvantages of BCD Codes
• The addition and subtraction of BCD have different rules.
• The BCD arithmetic is little more complicated.
• BCD needs more number of bits than binary to represent the decimal
number.
Gray Code
It is the non-weighted code and it is not arithmetic codes. That means there are no specific weights assigned to
the bit position. It has a very special feature that, only one bit will change each time the decimal number is
incremented as shown in fig. As only one bit changes at a time, the gray code is called as a unit distance code. Gray
code cannot be used for arithmetic operation. BCD to Gray : XOR operation
Application of Gray code
• Shaft position encoder (produces a code word which represents the angular position of the shaft).
• Gray codes are widely used to prevent spurious (false) output from electromechanical switches and to facilitate
error correction in digital communications such as digital terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
• Because of only one bit change, an amount of switching is minimized and the reliability of the switching systems
is improved.
COMPLEMENT ARITHMETIC
Complements are used in the digital computers in order to simplify the subtraction operation and for the logical manipulations.
1’s Complement
The 1's complement of a number is found by changing all 1's to 0's and all 0's to 1’s.
This is called as taking complement or 1's complement. Example of 1's Complement is as follows.
2’s Complement
The 2's complement of binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the Least Significant Bit LSB of 1’s complement of the number.
2's complement = 1's complement + 1
Example of 2's Complement is as follows.
Binary Addition
It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. There are four rules of binary addition.

Binary Subtraction
Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction. There are four rules of binary subtraction.