Dr. Rajesh Shukla: TIET, Patiala
Dr. Rajesh Shukla: TIET, Patiala
Chapter
A system that is in equilibrium with its At the dead state, the useful
environment is said to be at the dead work potential (exergy) of a
state. system is zero. 3
A system delivers the maximum possible work as it undergoes a reversible
process from the specified initial state to the state of its environment, that is,
the dead state.
This represents the useful work potential of the system at the specified state
and is called exergy.
Exergy represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device can deliver
without violating any thermodynamic laws.
For constant-volume
systems, the total
actual and useful
works are identical
(Wu = W). 6
SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, II
Second-law
efficiency of The second-law efficiency
all reversible of naturally occurring
devices is processes is zero if none
100%. of the work potential is
recovered.
8
EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow
(or Closed System) Exergy
Exergy
change of
a closed
system
Flow
exergy
Exergy change of flow
12
EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK,
AND MASS
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q
Exergy transfer
by heat
When temperature is
not constant
Mechanisms
of exergy
transfer.
17
The heat transfer to
a system and work
done by the system
are taken to be
positive quantities.
Exergy
Exergy destroyed
balance for outside system
a closed boundaries can
system be accounted for
when heat by writing an
transfer is to exergy balance
the system on the extended
and the system that
work is from includes the
the system. system and its
immediate
surroundings. 18
EXAMPLES
Exergy balance for heat conduction
19
Exergy balance for an air tank
20C 54C
20.6 kJ
= 1 kJ 1 kJ
20C Wpw,in=∆U=20.6 kJ
Wrev,in = 1 kJ
19.6 kJ
1 kg
20C
140 kPa
20C
The same effect on the insulated
tank system can be accomplished by
a reversible heat pump that
consumes only 1 kJ of work.
20
EXERGY BALANCE: CONTROL VOLUMES
21
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
Most control volumes encountered in practice such as turbines, compressors, nozzles,
diffusers, heat exchangers, pipes, and ducts operate steadily, and thus they experience
no changes in their mass, energy, entropy, and exergy contents as well as their volumes.
Therefore, dVCV/dt = 0 and dXCV/dt = 0 for such systems.
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Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, II
The second-law efficiency of various steady-flow devices can be determined from
its general definition, II = (Exergy recovered)/(Exergy expended). When the
changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible and the devices are
adiabatic:
Turbine
Compressor
Heat
exchanger
Mixing
chamber A heat exchanger with two unmixed
fluid streams.
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EXAMPLES
Exergy analysis of a steam turbine
25
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Summary
• Exergy: Work potential of energy
Exergy (work potential) associated with kinetic and potential energy
• Reversible work and irreversibility
• Second-law efficiency
• Exergy change of a system
Exergy of a fixed mass: Nonflow (or closed system) exergy
Exergy of a flow stream: Flow (or stream) exergy
• Exergy transfer by heat, work, and mass
• The decrease of exergy principle and exergy destruction
• Exergy balance: Closed systems
• Exergy balance: Control volumes
Exergy balance for steady-flow systems
Reversible work
Second-law efficiency of steady-flow devices
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