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Ib Chemistry: Topic 6 Chemical Kinetics

1) Collision theory states that the rate of a chemical reaction depends on the probability of molecules colliding with sufficient energy and proper orientation. 2) Factors that can affect the rate of reaction by increasing successful collisions include temperature, concentration, particle size, pressure, and catalysts. 3) Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for molecules to collide productively without being used up in the reaction.

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33 views

Ib Chemistry: Topic 6 Chemical Kinetics

1) Collision theory states that the rate of a chemical reaction depends on the probability of molecules colliding with sufficient energy and proper orientation. 2) Factors that can affect the rate of reaction by increasing successful collisions include temperature, concentration, particle size, pressure, and catalysts. 3) Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for molecules to collide productively without being used up in the reaction.

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The Entangled Story Of Our World
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© © All Rights Reserved
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IB CHEMISTRY

Topic 6
Chemical Kinetics
6.1
Collision Theory and
Rates of Reaction
ESSENTIAL IDEA AND NATURE OF
SCIENCE
Essential Idea Nature of Science

 The greater the  The principle of Occam’s


probability that molecules razor is used as a guide to
will collide with developing a theory
sufficient energy and
proper orientation, the  although we cannot directly
higher the rate of see reactions taking place
reaction. at the molecular level, we
can theorize based on the
current atomic models.
Collision theory is a good
example of this principle.
UNDERSTANDINGS AND APPLICATIONS
AND SKILLS
Understandings Applications and Skills

 By decreasing Ea, a catalyst  Explanation of the effects of


increases the rate of a chemical temperature,
reaction, without itself being pressure/concentration and
permanently chemically particle size on rate of
changed. reaction.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF
REACTION
 Based on collision theory the following
factors can affect the number of successful
collisions and therefore the rate of a
reaction:

1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Particle Size
4. Pressure
5. Catalysts
1. TEMPERATURE
 Increasing temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the
particles.

 This can be seen by comparing Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution


curves of a substance at two different temperatures

 The area under the curves is equal as this is the total number of
particles. At higher temperature, more particles have greater energy so
the peak shifts to the right.
TEMPERATURE AND ACTIVATION
ENERGY
 The shift to increase the proportion of particles that have values greater
than the activation energy is shown below:

 So as temperature increases there is an increase in collision frequency


due to higher kinetic energy but more importantly there is an increase
in the frequency of collisions with the required activation energy.

 This means there is an increase in successful collision so there is an


increase in rate of reaction. For many reactions the rate will double for
every 10oC increase in temperature.
2. CONCENTRATION
 Increasing concentration of reactants increases the rate of reaction
due to the increase in collisions between particles increasing. This
means that the frequency of successful collisions would increase as
well.

 The effect of concentration can be seen as a reaction progresses. As


reactants are used up, their concentration falls and the rate of reaction
decreases, giving a curved graph.
3. PARTICLE SIZE
 Decreasing the particle size increases the rate of reaction. This concept is
important in heterogeneous reactions where the reactants are in different
phases (solids reacting with solutions).

 Why?

 Subdividing a large particle into smaller parts increases the total surface areas
and therefore allows more contact and increases the probability of successful
collisions.

 It is quicker to cook carrots when they are chopped up rather than whole.

 An example would be marble chips and powder reacting with HCl, the
powder would produce gas at a much quicker rate. The effect of particle size
can be dramatic, and it has been responsible for many industrial accidents
(coal or flour dust can cause explosions).
4. PRESSURE
 This is only affective for reactions involving gases.

 Increasing pressure increases the rate of reaction.

 This is because the higher pressure compresses the gas.

 This effectively increases its concentrating and therefore


the frequency of collisions.
5. CATALYST
 A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction
without itself undergoing permanent chemical change.

 Most catalysts work by providing an alternative route for the


reaction that has lower activation energy.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
 Without increasing temperature, a larger number of particles will
now have the kinetic energy greater than the activation energy and
therefore undergo successful collisions.

 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve shows how a catalyst


increases the proportion of particles having greater kinetic energy
than the activation energy.
CATALYSTS AND INDUSTRY
 Catalysts change the activation energy for both forward
and reverse reactions equally, so they do not change the
position of equilibrium (Topic 7).

 Despite this they are still key for many industrial


processes, without catalysts many reactions would not
occur quickly or they would have to be carried out at
very high temperature making them not worthwhile.

 Finding the best catalysts for a reaction is an active area


of research and often the exact catalyst used is kept a
secret.
CATALYSTS AND BIOLOGY
 Every biological reaction is controlled by a catalyst, which is called
an enzyme.

 There are thousands of different enzymes as they all catalyse a


particular reaction.

 They are also finding use in many domestic and industrial processes.

 E.g. Biological detergents or ‘biosensors’ in medical studies.

 Some enzymes have been known for a while (like the ones that make
cheese) others are relatively new. This field of study is called
biotechnology.
CATALYSTS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
 Green chemistry looks to reduce the negative impact of
chemical processes on the environment.

 Catalysts can replace stoichiometric reagents, and can


greatly improve selectivity of processes.

 As they are effective in very small quantities and are


frequently reused, catalyst do not contribute to chemical
waste, and so the increase the atom economy.

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