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Biomechanical Properties of Bone

This document discusses the biomechanical properties of bone. It describes the composition of bone as having cortical and cancellous bone. Cortical bone forms the dense outer shell, while cancellous bone is a spongy mesh. Bone is a composite material made of mineral and collagen. The mechanical properties of bone - strength, stiffness, and toughness - can be understood from examining its stress-strain curve. The curve shows elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and ultimate failure points. These points indicate the bone's load limits and energy absorption capabilities.

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Usama Rafiq
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99 views28 pages

Biomechanical Properties of Bone

This document discusses the biomechanical properties of bone. It describes the composition of bone as having cortical and cancellous bone. Cortical bone forms the dense outer shell, while cancellous bone is a spongy mesh. Bone is a composite material made of mineral and collagen. The mechanical properties of bone - strength, stiffness, and toughness - can be understood from examining its stress-strain curve. The curve shows elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and ultimate failure points. These points indicate the bone's load limits and energy absorption capabilities.

Uploaded by

Usama Rafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biomechanical Properties of

Bone

Dr Imran Ghafoor
Head of Department
University of Sargodha Lahore
Campus
Composition of Bone
Interstitial lamellae
• Interstitial lamellae is the regions between
osteons.
• They are continuous with the osteons and consist
of the same material in a different geometric
configuration.
• Many of the lacunae in the interstitial lamellae are
not inhabited by osteocytes.
• Interstitial lamellae tend to be areas of dead bone
with increased fragility.
Types of bone
• At the macroscopic level, all bones are composed
of two types of osseous tissue:
• Cortical (compact) bone
• Cancellous (trabecular) bone.
• Cortical bone forms the outer shell, or cortex, of
the bone and has a dense structure similar to that
of ivory.
Spongy bone
Cancellous bone
• Cancellous bone is composed of thin rods or
plates called trabeculae.
• In a loose mesh structure; the interstices between
the trabeculae are filled with red marrow.
• Cancellous bone tissue is arranged in concentric
lacunae-containing lamellae
• Cancellous bone not contain haversian canals.
• The osteocytes receive nutrients through canaliculi
from blood vessels passing through the red
marrow.
• Cortical bone always surrounds cancellous bone
Cancellous bone
Bones forms
• Bone is found in two forms at the microscopic
level:
• Woven bone
• Lamellar bone
Woven bone
• Woven bone is considered immature bone.
• It is found in the
• Embryo
• in the newborn
• in the fracture callus
• in the metaphysial region of growing bone.
• in tumors
• osteogenesis imperfecta
• pagetic bone.
Lamellar bone
• Lamellar bone begins to form one month after birth
• It actively replaces woven bone
• It is a more mature form of bone.
• All bones are surrounded by a dense fibrous
membrane called the periosteum
• The outer periosteal layer is permeated with blood
vessels and nerve fibers
• It passes into the cortex via Volkmann canals
Periosteal blood and
nerve fibers
Bone layers
• An inner osteogenic layer contains bone cells
responsible for generating new bone during
growth and repair (osteoblasts).
• The periosteum covers the entire bone except for
the joint surfaces
– which are covered with articular cartilage.

• In the long bones a thinner membrane the


endosteum lines the central (medullary) cavity
which is filled with yellow fatty marrow.
Endosteum
• The endosteum contains osteoblasts and giant
multinucleated bone cells called osteoclasts
• Both are important in the remodeling and
resorption of bone.
Biomechanical Properties of
Bone
• Biomechanically bone tissue may be
regarded as a biphasic composite material
• Mineral as one phase
• Collagen and ground substance other phase
• In such materials (a nonbiologic example is
fiberglass) in which a strong, brittle material
is embedded in a weaker, more flexible one,
the combined substances are stronger for
their weight than either substance is alone
Mechanical properties of
bone
• The most important mechanical properties of bone
are
• Strength
• Stiffness
• Toughness.
• These characteristics can best be understood for
bone by examining its behavior under loading.
• Loading causes a deformation, or a change in the
dimensions of the structure
Load-deformation curve.
• The deformation of that structure can be
measured and Plotted on a load-deformation
curve.
• The strength, stiffness, and other mechanical
properties of the structure can be gained by
examining this curve.
Stress-strain curve
Collagen and bone
• The mineral component of the bone is thought to
give strength and stiffness to the bone.
• Type I collagen is most important in conferring the
fundamental toughness and post yield properties
to bone tissue.
• Research shows that denaturing collagen
decreases bone’s toughness and overall strength
by up to 60% (Wang et al., 2002).
Collagen
• Type I collagen is a primary arrestor of cracks.
• Type I collagen is a vital element relating to the
energy required for matrix failure, independent of
size or geometry.
• It is the main determinant of bone toughness
defined
• by the area under the stress-strain curve, known
as the modulus of toughness
Stress strain curve
Whole Bone

• The initial (straight line) portion of the curve,


the elastic region
• Its capacity to return to its original shape
after the load is removed.
• As the load is applied deformation occurs
but is not permanent
Elastic Range or Limit
• The ability of a structure being loaded to
return to the original length after the
deforming load is removed OR
• When the force is removed the structure
returns to its original size and shape.
Stress strain curve
Plastic region
• As the load exceeds this limit, the structure
exhibits plastic behavior
• Reflected in the second(curved) portion of the
curve, the plastic region.
• The structure will no longer return to its original
dimensions when the load has been released.
• If loading is progressively increased, the structure
will fail at some point (bone will fracture).
• This point is indicated by the ultimate failure point
on the curve.
Strength of the structure
• Three parameters for determining the strength of a
structure are reflected on the load-deformation
curve:
(1) the load the structure can sustain before failing,
(2) the deformation it can sustain before failing,
(3) the energy it can store before failing.
• The strength in terms of load and deformation, or
ultimate strength, is indicated on the curve by the
ultimate failure point
Strength and energy
• The strength in terms of energy storage is
indicated by the size of the area under the entire
curve.
• The larger the area, the greater the energy that
builds up in the structure as the load is applied.
• The stiffness of the structure is indicated by the
slope of the curve in the elastic region.
• The steeper the slope, the stiffer the material.
Bone and strength
• The load-deformation curve is useful for
determining
• The mechanical properties of whole structures
• A whole bone, an entire ligament or tendon..
• This knowledge is helpful in studying
• Fracture behavior and repair

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