QUANTITY SURVEYING – 1

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UNIT I to III
 Construction
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 While the project is underway , the Quantity Surveyor

Ensures the process runs smoothly and within budget limits

 Conflict can arise and the Quantity Surveyor Steps in to act as a liaison
between conflicted members of the construction process

 Interpersonal relationships Among the construction team keep the project

moving

 Attention to monitoring the costs and economics involved during the

construction. Keeping the project running without conflict
 Post-Construction
 After the project is completed, responsibilities Annamalai University

and function shift. This objective now is to monitor the building and
make sure that operational costs are kept inside the budget.
 the responsibilities are to make sure the project adheres to local
and national tax laws.
 Insurance claims and cost of replacement are dealt with by the
Quantity Surveyor. Accurate estimates of damages and costs of
destroyed or damaged goods are also provided.
Basic Roles And Responsibilities
 Prepare , submit and collect claims for payment

 Prepare, submit quotations. Diligently to following up

 Do awarding of contracts and preparation of contracts related documents

 Sourcing and purchasing of materials and related products needed for

production

 Perform liaison with engineer and sales department

 Perform liaison with main contractors, sub contractors and other parties
involved the projects

 Studies other project cases to solve any problems

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 Report Progress Daily to boss without being asked
se Aims & Objectives

Recognize the preliminary and detailed estimating methods and focusing on the
elements for construction projects

To be familiar with cost analysis and preparation for bidding.

Understanding and be familiar with the construction specification in particular for

building.

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Quantity Survey
 Introduction to Engineering project including project cycle, &
bidding documents.
 Quantities surveying and calculation of different areas.
 Methods of measurement of the works.
 Pricing & cost analysis.
 Payment certificate.
 Application on Engineering project
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The Engineering Project

Project

Mechanical Electrical Structural Architectural

Works Works works Works

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Types of construction Engineering Projects

 Building construction
 Roads Construction
 Water Systems
 Sewerage and Storm water systems

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Project Cycle

Taking- over, Studies, design,

and operation tendering

Implementation
& supervision

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Main stages in construction project

1- Concept : identify the project needs, and objectives

2- Technical studies as feasibility study, possibility of

implementation, primary cost, and possibility of
financing …..etc.

3- Preliminary design

4- Detailed design including architectural , structural,

electrical, mechanical.

5- Tender documents.

6 – Tendering Annamalai University

7- Contract Award
8- Contract agreement
9- Starting construction
10- Preliminary handing over the project
11- Operation of the project
12- Maintenance period
13- Project final handing over.

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Construction Project Cycle
P e r c e n t C o m p le te Full
Ope rations

Ins tallation Substantially

Com ple te

M ajor Contracts
Le t

Proje ct "GO"
De cis ion

Stage II Stage III Stage IV

Stage I
F e a s a b ilit y P la n n in g & D e s ig n C o n s t ru c t io n T u rn o v e r
- P ro je c t F o rm ula tio n - B a s e De s ign - M a nufa c turing & S t a rt Up
- F e a s a biltiy S tudie s - C o s t & S c he dule - De live ry - F ina l Te s ting
- S tra te gie s De s ign & - C o ntra c t Te rm s & - C ivil Wo rk - M a inte na nc e
Appro va l C o nditio ns . - Ins ta lla tio n
- De ta ile d P la nning - Te s ting

Figure 1.1 : Construction Projects Life-Cycle (Ref: PMBK, 2000)

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Tender Documents

 Invitation to bid  Specific condition of contract

 Instruction to bidders  Specification

 BOQ
 Information to bidders & bid data
 Drawings
 Biding Forms  Contract forms
 General conditions of contract

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The Project Parties
The Employer /Owner
The consultant: who appointed by the employer to do the design
and bidding documents and supervise the construction work.
The contractor: who was approved by the employer to implement
the works according to the submitted bid.

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Other Parties

 Municipalities, ministries,
 suppliers, technicians
 Subcontracts, workers,
 Insurance companies
 Banks and other financing agencies.

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Construction Project Teams

Main tasks for engineering teams in the project are :

- design

- Implementation / construction

- supervision

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Construction Project Teams

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Quantity Surveyor
 He the person who is responsible on estimating the quantities from the design
drawings, and measurement of the quantities in the site during the project
implementation, and preparing the current and final payments.
Quantity Surveys (Take off)
It is the quantity of works/material take off , required for the completion of
project implementation, and listed as items in table of quantities.

In general we can describe quantity survey as follows:

1. Description and preparation of the bill of quantities and its items required for
the tender.

2. Preparation of the site material, material types, and material distribution.Annamalai

University
Quantity surveys (Take off) .. Cont.

 Describe the items and preparing BOQ

 Preparing of the cost estimate in BOQ.

 Preparation of the list of the site needs (technician / workers)

 Preparation of the due payment statements (contractor payments

during the construction)
 Tasks of the Quantity Surveyor

First : in the consultant office :

 Stage 1 :During the preparation of bidding documents :

 Preparation of the BOQ from the design drawing which part of bidding documents.

 Preparation of cost estimate for items listed in BOQ

 Review and check the bids submitted from bidders.

 Preparation of the lists of the contents of bids received.

 Sharing in evaluation and preparation of t recommendation to award the contract to

be submitted to owner.
Quantity Surveyor Tasks
Stage 2 : During the supervision of the construction

 Review and checking the payments submitted from the contractor.

 Preparation of the reports about the conformity of the quantities items with contract documents.

Second : In the Contractor Company

- During the implementation :

 Review and checking the BOQ at the starting of the work.

 Prepare the eng. Measurement for the quantities of the finished works.

 Prepare lists of the site needs (material, workers, technicians)

 Calculate the remuneration of the subcontractors, workers, equipments,…etc.

 Prepare the payment statements

 Prepare the detailed reports describing the situation of the items quantities, (plus or minus the contract
Required Skills

Ability to understand the drawings details, design drawings, shop

drawings, as built ).
Excellent knowledge of the calculation of the areas and volumes,
knowledge of fees of workers e /technicians/ , rules and law of the
contracts,
In addition to the knowledge of related financial issues/ taxes, banks
transactions, insurances and its implication.
Knowledge of the productivity of the workers and technicians.
Stages of the Quantity Survey

 Stage1 : preparation of the engineering measurement and calculations of the

works during the preparation of the bidding documents (consultant) and
 preparation of the measurement of the accomplished works in the site and
prepare the payment (contractor)
 Stage 2 : preparing BOQ
 Stage 3 : review and check the financial payments.
 Special calculations of the areas and
volumes.
 Measurement of the works.
Method of measurements

1- Conventional measurement
 Depends on experience, and type of project.
 Doesn't govern by theories or engineering basics.
 Not considered as scientific method.
 Doesn't subtract the opening as windows or doors from the block, plastering, painting
works and computing whole wall.
 Another example : as the every 3 steps in stair = 1 m3
2- Engineering measurement
It is calculating all the works finished after subtracting all opening.
 Example Measurement Unit
Earth work,
Cont.
earthling system Works have details Lump-sum
(electrical),, difficult to be (L.S)
calculated
As pipes Works have specific M.R
length and width
Windows, doors, Works have 3 dim. No.
fixed
as plastering, painting, Works with specific M2
thickness,
Footings, columns, stairs, Variable dimensions M3
As steel Have specific width Ton / kg
Workers wages, equipment, Labor / equipment Day / hrs
Types of construction works
1. Building construction 2. Roads construction
3. Water Booster P.S and piping, 4. Sewage and storm water P.S and piping.
5. Electrical construction

Preparation of engineering measurements

Measurement sheet
Project Name _________________
Contractor Name ____________
Engineer Name _______________
Dimension
SN Description Unit Quantity length width heigth Unit rate Total amount
Measurement of works / Earth Work
Item Unit Method of measurement
It takes into consideration all site leveling including the
Site leveling Lump sum excavation, fill, till reach 0+B.M according to design
drawing.
Measured by 2 methods :
Excavation (cut) m3 1- footings areas according to blinding area * depth of
excavation according to drawings.
2- external dimensions of the building *depth of footings
= excavation – concrete work for footings and columns
Fill (backfill) m3 under ground level.

= ground plan *depth of ground beams – (concrete for

ground beams and ground floors)
Measurement of works / concrete works
 Concrete works measures engineering measurement
 All opening more than 0.1m2 or 0.1 m3 are deducted.
 The concrete works more than the areas, volumes in the drawings doesn’t
included.
Measurement of works / concrete works
Item Unit Method of measurement
Blinding concrete, ground m2 = length * width (the thickness should be specified in the drawings and
concrete, benching, and slabs specifications)
concrete with fixed thickness Ribs blocks don’t subtract from the slabs concrete.

Footings, columns, ground m3 = length*width*thickness

beams, stairs, and canopies, -Ground beams are measured from its connection with columns
- concrete stars include the stairs , steps, stair slabs, walls supporting
the stairs.
Concrete decoration works as No. The dimensions must be specified in the drawings.
curves.
Block works m2 = length * width (the thickness should be specified in the drawings and
specifications)
- subtracting all openings more than 0.1 cm2.
Measurement of works / Plastering/ painting works
Item Unit Method of measurement
Length * width M2 = length * width (engineering measurement after subtracting the openings, more
than 0.1 m2)
- the area is measured above the skirting (terrazzo chips)
Internal plastering = walls + slabs

Measurement of works / tilling works

Item unit Method of measurement
Terrazzo, marble, m2 = length * width (engineering measurement)
ceramic

Measurement of works / Plastering/ painting works

Item Unit Method of measurement
Plastering M2 = length * width (engineering measurement after subtracting the openings, more
& painting than 0.1 m2)
- the area is measured above the skirting (terrazzo chips)
Internal plastering = walls + ceiling
Measurement of works/Doors
Item Unit Method of measurement
Doors No. The exact dimensions should be specified in the design drawings.
Sometimes carpentry works measured in m2 or m length according to the item described
in BOQ.

Measurement of works/Windows
Item Unit Method of measurement
windows No. The exact dimensions should be specified in the design drawings.
Sometimes carpentry works measured in m2 or m length according to the item described
in BOQ.

Measurement of works / electrical & sanitary works

Item unit Method of measurement
Electrical and No. The dimensions should be specified clearly in the design drawings as the
sanitary pieces / sockets, lamps, fluorescent lighting,…etc (W.C. , washing basins, sinks,
accessories manholes, pumps…etc)
piping M.R The dimension and details should be specified in the drawings, as (cables,
pipes, ..etc)
Works with Lumps All details should be specified in the drawings, as earthing, gas network,
special detail sum
Bill of Quantities
 The results in the quantities book, are recorded in the BOQ table.
 It is preferable to add 5-10% percentage on the quantities for contingency to
avoid any errors or any.

Preparation of engineering measurements

Measurement sheet
Project Name _________________
Contractor Name ____________
Engineer Name _______________

Dimension
SN Description Unit Quantity length width heigth Unit rate Total amount
Measurement of works / Earth Work
Item Unit Method of measurement
Site leveling Lump It takes into consideration all site leveling including the excavation, fill, till reach
sum 0+B.M according to design drawing.
Excavation m3 Measured by 2 methods :
(cut) 1- footings areas according to blinding area * depth of excavation according to
drawings.
2- external dimensions of the building *depth of footings
Fill (backfill) m3 = excavation – concrete work for footings and columns under ground level.
= ground plan *depth of ground beams – (concrete for ground beams and ground
floors)

Measurement of works / concrete works

 Concrete works measures engineering measurement
 All opening more than 0.1m2 or 0.1 m3 are deducted.
 The concrete works more than the areas, volumes in the drawings doesn’t
included.
Measurement of works / concrete works
Item Unit Method of measurement
Blinding concrete, ground m2 = length * width (the thickness should be specified in the drawings and
concrete, benching, and slabs specifications)
concrete with fixed thickness Ribs blocks don’t subtract from the slabs concrete.

Footings, columns, ground m3 = length*width*thickness

beams, stairs, and canopies, Ground beams are measured from its connection with columns
 concrete stars include the stairs , steps, stair slabs, walls supporting the stairs.
Concrete decoration works as No. The dimensions must be specified in the drawings.
curves.

Measurement of works / block works

Item unit Method of measurement
Block works m2 = length * width (the thickness should be specified in
the drawings and specifications)
- subtracting all openings more than 0.1 cm2.
Measurement of works / Plastering/ painting works
Item Unit Method of measurement
Length * width M2 = length * width
(engineering measurement after subtracting the openings, more than 0.1 m2)
- the area is measured above the skirting (terrazzo chips)
Internal plastering = walls + slabs

Measurement of works / tilling works

Item unit Method of measurement
Terrazzo, marble, m2 = length * width
ceramic (engineering measurement)

Measurement of works / Doors

Item Unit Method of measurement
Doors No. The exact dimensions should be specified in the design drawings.
Sometimes carpentry works measured in m2 or m length according
to the item described in BOQ.
Measurement of works/Doors
Item Unit Method of measurement
Doors No. The exact dimensions should be specified in the design drawings.
Sometimes carpentry works measured in m2 or m length according to the
item described in BOQ.

Bill of Quantities
 The results in the quantities book, are recorded in the BOQ table.

 It is preferable to add 5-10% percentage on the quantities for contingency to avoid any
errors or any.
No. Item description Unit Quantity Unit price Total amount
($ or NIS …) ($ or NIS …)

1 The works include…… L.S

Summary table
No. Item Total amount
($ or NIS …)

1- EXCAVATION & EARTH WORKS

2 CONCRETE WORKS

3- BLOCK WORK

4- CARPENTRY

5- METAL WORK

6- FINISHING WORKS
7- PLUMBING WORKS

8- ELECTRICAL WORKS

9- MISCELLANEOUS
Item description
 Based on drawings, specification.
 It should be accurate and reflect the drawings and specifications,
 Description should include :
1- description of the works
2- unit
3- determine the method of measurement.

How to read the description

 Description of the items

 Drawings, details

 Specifications

 General and specific conditions

 Instruction of the supervisor engineer

the work price should include
 The description of the item should include all the work that the unit price will take account of as will
be illustrated in the following

1- Earth work
 The unit price should include :-

 Excavation in any kind of soil, rock, etc., starting at reduced level (bottom of G.B. blinding) down to
bottom of foundation blinding including compacting backfill around foundations and shall be applied on
layers, 200 mm thick, watered and compacted to 95 % (98%) according to modified AASHTO Density Test
T-80.for the excavated foundation and removal of surplus material from site to an approved dumping area
complete as per specifications.

 Site Leveling. (Excavation of all Site including External Works). Cut and / or fill in any kind of soil,
concrete, or asphalt; to the required Levels approved by the Engineer (Reduced Level). Including scraping
of top. Any damage to the external walls, fence, etc. should be maintained without any compensations..

 Test of the soil (4 points at least), Safety around the site, Work according to engineer instruction and
specifications
Concrete work
Concrete works include:

 All formworks and shuttering in any form, shape and size. Making chamfered and curved edges,
allowing for and making grooves and sleeves and the like; removal of forms and cleaning of all
exposed tie wires and rods; making good the harmed surfaces and

 Supplying, Casting, vibrating and curing as per specifications.

 Approved additives and admixtures.

 Incurred costs on Concrete Mix Designs, Sample taking, testing and providing test results
certificates, storing and saving of samples, and preparation of bar bending schedules and
workshops.

 Supplying reinforcement of any grade, size and length as detailed in the drawings, storing on
site including cutting, bending and fixing in position and providing all tying wires, spacers,
shop drawings, testing and bar bending schedules
Concrete work (cont’d)
 Painting of exposed surfaces of underground reinforced concrete elements with

two coats of Bituminous Emulsion. Supply of Polyethylene sheets under ground

slabs.

 Steel bars used for alignment and fixing of reinforcement works, and extra steel

added to assure proper detailing and safety.

 Measurement of Concrete elements shall be the net dimensions as detailed in the

drawings. All recesses, openings and voids shall be deducted.

 Measurement shall be only for the seen surfaces of elements, overlapping and

measuring items twice under separate headings shall not be allowed.

 Supplying and fixing of the required steel reinforcement as per drawings and

specifications.
Block works
Rates of Block works include

 All works of the bill shall be of Concrete blocks of high quality standards and as per

specifications.

 Vertical and horizontal joints., Cement and mortar, Galvanized angles and ties., Closed end

blocks at all ends, door and window jambs, reveals and the like.

 Concrete filling including reinforcing steel to cavities at quoins and door and window

openings.

 Lintels and bond beams to the full length of the wall,

 and all needed to complete job as per drawings and specifications

 concrete infill and transporting, placing compacting, curing, surface finishing, protection,
Block works (cont’d)
 Block work shall be bonded to concrete columns, wall and the like with concrete infill B250. block must be
stopped in graded shape (10-15 cm from the concrete face) one 8 mm bar must cast in columns during
casting with 40 cm length fixed every 42 cm horizontally, in addition to two vertical 10 mm bars.

Plastering works, includes

 The price shall include, all narrow widths, for taking out joints on block walls or backing concrete face
for key, for making good to frames around pipes and other fittings , plastering to jambs and reveals of
openings side of columns, window sills; all of which shall be included Price shall also include Expanded
metal lath, angle beads at all corners and plaster stops at opening edges, expansion joints, sills, labor,
curing, erecting and dismantling of scaffoldings additives, pigments and all incidentals required as
specified

 Material, workmanship, Galvanized mesh, or plastic mesh, False ceiling from galvanized mesh and
plastering (fixing mesh , covering it by 3-coats of rough plaster)

  reinforcement of the joints between different material as the joints between the wall and columns.
Tilling works
 Rate shall include preparation of surfaces under tiles, special tile peace’s for edges and the like, tile
surface finishing, Plastic spacers. Pointing and cleaning and all incidental as per specifications.

 Supply, Install and Terrazzo Tiles, include, bedding and jointing in cement and sand mortar, pointing
with white cement, required sand fill, and polishing, workmanship, and all incidental as per
specifications

 Isolation works for kitchen and bathroom (layer of fiber glass, and bitumen layers)

 Marble includes connections, joints, mortar, and any other needed work.

 Supply and install a layer of cement and sand under marble and porcelain , ceramic, according to
specification and engineer instruction.

 Supply and spread a layer of sand under the tiles.

 Any decoration works as drawings

Painting works
 All Paints shall be supplied to site in sealed container, as approved by the Engineer, and site
mixing shall not be permitted.

 The Contractor rates shall include for supply of all materials, workmanship, samples, surface
preparation , protection of painted surfaces , application to all heights as required of
works, repair of all damaged surface, as per specification.

CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS (window & doors)

 Sizes of carpentry works given in the Bills of Quantities are finished sizes and shall be as per
Drawings.

 Sizes of doors and other items mentioned in the Bills of Quantities shall allow for tolerance to
suit the structural openings shown in the Drawings.

 Wooden doors and pair of doors shall be measured in square meter for each structural opening,
unless stated otherwise in the Bills of Quantities. Rates for carpentry and joinery work shall
 Shop and coordinated drawings.

 frames, architrave and other holders

 Allowance for plastering and tiling and the like.

 Cutting and fitting around obstructions, Bedding and painting.

 Grounds, blocking and backings.

 Plugging concrete, block work, and stone work , and making good.

 Ironmongery including cylindrical locks, handles, stoppers, screws,

temporary fixing, re-fixing, oiling and adjusting.

STEEL AND ALUMINUM WORKS
Rates for metalwork shall include for :
 Preparing shop drawings,
 Drilling, counter sinking, screwing, bolting and riveting.
 Sub frames, including galvanized steel frames for Aluminum windows and architrave.
 Gaskets, sashes, double weather strips and external and internal approved quality silicon
filling around frames.
 Ironmonger including cylindrical locks (Union or equal) , stoppers, handles, temporarily
fixing, refitting, oiling and adjusting.
 Providing two keys for each lock .
 Glass and glazing including cutting to size, putty and rubber.
 Preparing surfaces for and painting one coat of primer before fixing.
 Sealing and Painting to any area or width in any location including work in multicolor and
cutting in edges.
 All other accessories and incidentals required to execute the work.
Electrical works
 All items price to include Supply, Installing, Connecting and testing unless otherwise
indicated, the contractor are requested to have approved full coordinated work shop drawings
before starting contract activities, the price also includes all works necessary to implement
electrical works in approved manner.

 The contractor intended to order main and final distribution panel boards according to
approved manufacturer drawings.

 The price to include submittals, catalogs, any manufacturer instruction .

 The contractor should install and construct all works according to drawings , specification
tender documents, and requirement of Electrical Co.

 Contractor should also test & submit the electrical

 Work to the Electricity Co. & Municipality.

PLUMBING, SANITARY AND MECHANICAL WORKS

 Rates shall include all fittings , fixtures , appliances and pipe laying Supply of material,
workmanship, installation, testing and commissioning.

 Rates to include also all peaces and fittings, including by passes , floats, cleaning outlets ,
automatic vents, vents and stack covers, valves and non return valves and the like needed to
complete works as per specifications.

 Insulation and painting as called for in specifications.

 Excavation and cutting for all pipe laying works, bedding back filling and all works connected
with pipe laying.

 All ties, sleeves, joints, tie bolts and rods, brackets and the like.

 Rates to include Workshops, Coordinated and as- built drawings as approved by the Engineer
Pricing & price analysis
 Before construction three types of pricing :

1- cost estimate
2- pricing
3- cost analysis
 Preparation of prices

contractor engineer

Cost analysis pricing Cost estimate

Factors affecting the pricing
 Raw material

 Workmanship, labor, sub-contractors

 Administration cost including direct cost as salaries, equipment,

transportation ..etc. and indirect cost as electricity, communication
cost, banks , municipality fees, etc.

 Unforeseen expenses & risk (3-5%)

 Insurances

 Taxes as income tax, V.A.T,

 Profit (7-10%)
Productivity of labor
 It is necessary to calculate the productivity for the work teams either
worker or technicians / equipments to calculate wages, for workers /
subcontractors.

 Productivity is measured per hour or per day.

Pricing analysis stages :

 Estimate the price for raw material and workmanship.

 Estimate the percentage of the specified work from the total project work . (work
item/total work *100%)

 Estimate the cost of administration / management , tax, insurances, risk, and

profit.

 Estimate the total cost for all works item.

Example:
Analyze the prices, and find the unit price for the following, knowing that,

1- Administrative expenses is fixed (1 Lakh INR) for project

2- Unfixed expenses / indirect (40000 INR)

3- Insurance (20000 INR)

ID Description of work Unit Quantity

1 Concrete footings M3 78
2 Block works for wall (20*20*24cm) M2 100
3 Internal plastering M2 200
4 Wooden door 90*220 No. 10
1- Price for raw material and workmanship -
Concrete footing (B250)
ID Description Raw material price workmanship
per m3
1 Concrete footings (B250) Concrete 190 100
Steel 170
Wires 5
Nails, bolts 2
Water 1
isolation 3
total 371 100
Total price (NIS) 471
Total price ($) 134$
Total for 78 m3 134*78 = 10,960
$
Block work (20*20*40 cm)

ID Description Raw material price workmanship

per m2
Block 20*20*40 block 12.5*2=25 6
Morter 3
Moving the 2
blocks
Joints, concrete 5
fill
total 35 6
Total price (NIS) 41
Total price ($) 11.7
Total for 78 m3 11.7*100= 1170$
Internal plastering

ID Description Raw material price workmanship

per m2
Internal plastering scaffolding o.5 6
Morter 4
Angles, metal 0.5
grid, ..etc
water 0.5
total 6 6
Total price (NIS) 12
Total price ($) 3.4
Total for 200 m2 3.4*200= 680$
Wooden doors 220*90 cm

ID Description Raw material price workmanship

per m2

Wooden door 220*90 material 400 50

Misce. 20

total 420 50

Total price (NIS) 470

Total price ($) 135

Total for 10 doors 135*10 =1350$

Percentage of the specified work from the
total project work
ID Description Total work price % from total work

1 Concrete footings (B250) 10960 77.40%

2 Internal plastering 680 4.80%

3 Wooden door 220*90 1350 9.53%

4 Block 20*20*40 1170 8.26%

5 Total 14160 100.00%

 2- The cost of administration /
management ,tax, insurances, risk, and profit.
administration
expenses

ID Description fixed variable tax Insuranc risks profit Total

(1000$) (400$) (10%) e (5%) (10%)

(200$)

1 Concrete 774.01 309.6 1096 154.8 548 1096 3978.4

footings (B250)

2 Internal 48.02 19.21 68 9.61 34 68 246.8362

plastering

3 Wooden door 95.34 38.14 135 19.07 67.5 135 490.04

220*90

4 Block 20*20*40 82.63 33.05 117 16.53 58.5 117 424.70

Total cost for all works item

ID Description stage (1) stage (2) total

1.00 Concrete footings 10,960.00 3,978.42 14,938.42

(B250)

2.00 Internal plastering 680.00 246.84 926.84

3.00 Wooden door 220*90 1,350.00 490.04 1,840.04

4.00 Block 20*20*40 1,170.00 424.70 1,594.70

Unit price for each item

ID Description Unit Quantity Unit price Total

1.00 Concrete footings m3 78.00 191.52 14,938.42

(B250)
2.00 Internal m2 200.00 4.63 926.84
plastering
3.00 Wooden door no 10.00 184.00 1,840.04
220*90
4.00 Block 20*20*40 m2 100.00 15.95 1,594.70
Lecture 7
 Estimating & Evaluation

Form of evaluation based on cost per unit

ID Description Unit Unit price
1 Concrete footings m3 200
2 Block 20*20*40 m2 20
3 Wooden door 220*90 cm no 300
4 Internal plastering m2 6
Cost per m2 of floor area (residential building)

Description (m2) stores Ground floor First floor

Structural 70 80 60
elements
finishing 40 80 80
total 110 160 140

Cost of housing unit

 = cost of m2 * the areas of the unit
Analysis of quantities
Analysis to raw material quantities for example :
 Concrete : cement, water, aggregate, steel,
 Cement in 1m3:
 Mixing proportion (4:2:1) = 300kg, 6:3:1 = 200 kg,
 8:4:1 = 150 kg
 1m3 concrete = 80% aggregates, 40% sand
 1m3 (footings) = 60kg

Miscellaneous works
 1m2 block (40*20*20) = 12.5 block
 1m2 tiling (25*25) = 16
 1 sack of cement = 1 m2 plastering
 1 sack cement = built 100 blocks
Estimation of Concrete price
 1 m3 concrete consist of :

 350 kg cement

 1.2 ton aggregates

 0.8 ton sand

 Price of mixing and pouring, transportation

 The total price will be = 0.35 *300NIS+1.3*40+0.8*120+20 (mixing)

 Steel reinforcement
 In general and according to practices, the following elements contains ,
Steel reinforcement
Footings = 60kg/m3
Columns = 200 kg/m3
Ground beams, stairs,= 80kg/m3
Slabs = 17kg/m2
Payment certificate

 Financial Request for payment, prepared by contractors, and approved by

consultant / owner , describing the actual achieved works , by calculating

the unit price by the quantity of item done.

 It is important for the contractor as well as for the owner. For the

contractor, he gets the value of works done, and save to him liquidity

 for the owner , he become aware of the progress, achieved (actual) and

planned, therefore, he can know if there is any obstacles or delay.

Preparation of payment

1- preparation
by contractor

Pay the amount

of the payment
request

Review and
approved by the
consultant/
supervisor engineer
Types of payment certificates
 1- interim payment certificate
 2- final statement / final payment certificates

1- interim payment certificate

 It is request for payment, contains quantity survey for the accomplished works ,
and other supporting details submitted by contractor over the progress period of
the project, .

 The amount of each request should not be less than 10% of the contract value or
according to contract conditions
Contents of the payment certificate
1- Financial Payment Certificate: it is a survey of the accomplished works (actual done), multiplied by its
value according to the contract.

2- Measurements :

3- Drawings : as built drawings.

Content of the Payment Certificate

It contains :

 1- summary, describing the commencement date, project end date, in addition to other data as
contract value, variation order, percentage of the accomplished works, value of the current
payment, and due payment, any amount to be deducted for retention, Percentage of retention
stated in the Contract Data to the total of the above, and Retention Money (if any) stated in the
Contract Data; any amounts to be added and deducted for the advance payment , the deduction
of amounts certified in all previous Payment Certificates.
Payment Certificate
2- total price of the accomplished works, and percentage of the work done
in relation to total project.

3- other supporting documents including the description of the items,

progress in each item previously and also current, unit price, total
percentage of the project progress.

 Second : measurements And it is table of actual quantity survey

accomplished, including item description, number, volume (length,
width, height) and the total.

 Third : As build drawings, describing the details of the work done,

Final payment certificate

 It is called the final payment / certificate after the primary taking over the

project.

 The process of approval as follows:

 1- after taking over the project, final request for payment is prepared,

 the contractor signed the request for payment and the measurement sheet, and

submitting it to engineer / owner.

 2- to be paid the following documents should be attached

 Copy of taking over certificate signed form the committee

 Copy of the bid submitted from the contractor after considering the prices

in the request for payment

 defect liability security

 All tests results

 Deduction of the works that mentioned in the taking over or any liquidated

damages.

 Letters of project extension if it was extended.

Final payment certificate

Contents of the final payment certificate

 Application for the request

 List of the actual accomplished works and its value.

 List of measurements

 As build drawings as it was approved from the engineer.

Estimating of reinforcement steel for footings & columns
Table of reinforcement steel weights
Diameter Wt of 1m length(kg) Area of section (mm2) Perimeter (mm)
6 0.222 0.283 1.884
8 0.395 0.502 2.521
10 0.617 0.785 3.14
12 0.888 1.13 3.768
14 1.209 1.539 4.396
16 1.58 2.01 5.024
18 1.999 2.543 5.652
20 2.468 3.14 6.28
22 2.986 3.799 6.908
25 3.856 4.906 7.85
28 4.837 6.154 8.792
32 6.318 8.038 10.048
36 7.996 10.174 11.304
40 9.872 12.56 12.56
  Weight of 1m of steel bar = (diameter, cm)2 * 0.617
 Area of section = π r2
 Perimeter (mm) = 2 π r

Footing table
F4, C4 F3, C3 F2, C2 F1, C1
Length of steel Bars :

 F1 : 1.5 x 1.3 x 0.45 m, Reinforcement = 11φ12 , & 9 φ12

 F2 = 1.7 x 1.5 x 0.45 m, Reinforcement = 13φ12 , & 11 φ12

 F3 = 1.9 x 1.7 x 0.45 m, Reinforcement = 14φ12 , & 12 φ12

 F4 = 2.1 X 1.9 X 0.5 m, Reinforcement = 16φ12 , & 14 φ12

 Concrete cover = 5 cm
For F1:
 Length of steel in longitudinal direction:

 Ls = 1.5 - .05*2 =1.4 m

 In vertical direction at both sides = (0.45-0.05*2)/3 *2= 0.24 m

 The total for bar in longitudinal direction = 1.4+0.24+0.12*2=1.88 m

 The total length for all steel in longitudinal direction = length of 1 bar *number of bars in the
direction = 1.88*11=20.57 m

 In traverse direction: = 1.3 – 0.05*2+0.12*2+0.24 = 1.68m

 Total length for all steel in the short direction = 9 *1.68 = 15.12 m

 The total in both direction = 35.69 m

 WT of steel for one foot type F1 = 35.69 * 0.888= 31.693 kg

 For all F1 = 31.693 *4 = 126.77kg.

ID Item unit Diam Length Total Wt of Total Wt No. of Total WT drawings
description of bar length 1m footings for all F1

1 Reinforce
ment steel
for
footings :
F1 Kg Φ12 In long 1.88*11+1 0.888 31.693 4 126.77
direction .68*9 =
= 1.88 35.69 m
In short
direction
= 1.68
For column neck:
 C1 = 25*60, 6φ14

 (F1 : 1.5 x 1.3 x 0.45 m, Reinforcement = 11φ12 , & 9 φ12)

 Length of one bar:

 Excavation depth = 1.5 m, floor height = 0.48 m

 Steel leg = 1.5 – (0.05*2)/4 = 0.35 m

 The total length = 1.5 +0.48+0.35+0.14 – 0.1 – 0.05 – 0.024 = 2.296 m

For stirrups:

 If length of column section <60cm, one stirrup is needed, but if

it is > 60cm, two ties is needed

 Concrete cover for column = 2.5 cm

 For C1 = 25*60

 Length of stirrups= (0.6 – 0.05)*2 = 1.1m

 Width of stirrup= (0.25-0.05 )*2 = 0.4m

 Total length of the stirrup= 1.1+0.4+0.08*2 = 1.66m

Unit III ESTIMATION

Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate

cost of an engineering project before execution of the work.

 It is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after

completion of the project.

 Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge of the construction

procedures and cost of materials & labour in addition to the
skill , experience, foresight and good judgment.
ESTIMATE

An estimate of the cost of a construction job is the probable

cost of that job as computed from plans and specifications.

 For a good estimate the, actual cost of the proposed work

after completion should not differ by more then 5 to 10 %

from its approximate cost estimate, provided there are no

unusual, unforeseen circumstances.

NEED FOR ESTIMATE
1. It help to work out the approximate cost of the project in order to decide its
feasibility with respect to the cost and to ensure the financial resources, it the
proposal is approved.

2. Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be estimated

for making applications to the controlling authorities.

3. It is used for framing the tenders for the works and to check contractor’s work
during and after the its execution for the purpose of making payments to the
contractor.

4. From quantities of different items of work calculated in detailed estimation,

resources are allocated to different activities of the project and ultimately their
durations and whole planning and scheduling of the project is carried out.
SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST

1 = Each type of work requires a different method of construction.

Construction may be of an ordinary house or office and it may
also be of a Dam, Tunnel, Multistory building, Airport, Bridge,
or a Road, already in operation. Each of these works requires
totally different construction techniques, type of machinery, and
formwork.

2 = Quality of labour and labour output varies in different

localities.

3 = Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the

overall cost.
SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)

4. Ground conditions vary and change the method of

construction. For example, excavation may be dry, wet,
hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different efforts.

5. The work may be in open ground such as fields or it may

be in congested areas such as near or on the public roads,
necessitating extensive watching, lightening, and
controlling efforts, etc.
SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)

6. The source of availability of a sufficient supply of

materials of good quality is also a factor.

7. The availability of construction machinery also affects the

method of construction.

8. Access to the site must be reasonable. If the access is poor,

temporary roads may be constructed.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR

 In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must have good

knowledge regarding the important rules of quantity surveying.
 He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for
which he is going to prepare an estimate.
 He must also be clearly informed about the specifications
showing nature and classes of works and the materials to be used
because the rates at which various types of works can be executed
depend upon its specifications.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-ctd-)
A good estimator of construction costs should possess the following capabilities, also:-

1 = A knowledge of the details of construction work.

2 = Experience in construction work.

3 = Having information regarding the materials required, machinery needed, overhead

problems, and costs of all kinds.

4 = Good judgment with regard to different localities, different jobs and different workmen.
5 = Selection of a good method for preparing an estimate.

6 = Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and accurate.

7 = Ability to collect, classify and evaluate data relating to estimation.

8 = Ability to visualize all the steps during the process of construction.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-
ctd-)
 Before preparing the estimate, the estimator should visit the site and make a study of
conditions, there. For example, if the construction of a large building is planned, the estimator
or his representative should visit the site and:

 Note the location of the proposed building.

 Get all data available regarding the soil.

 Make a sketch of the site showing all important details.

 Obtain information concerning light, power, and water.

 Secure information concerning banking facilities.

 Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and to material dealers, and

 Investigate general efficiency of local workman.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES

 There are two main types of estimates:-

1 = Rough cost estimate.

2 = Detailed estimate.

 Depending upon the purpose of estimate, some types of

detailed estimate are as follows:-

a) Contractor's estimate

b) Engineer's estimate

c) Progress estimate
 I = Rough cost estimate
 Estimation of cost before construction from plans or architectural drawings
of the project scheme, when even detailed or structural design has not been
carried out, is called Rough cost estimate.

 These estimates are used for obtaining Administrative Approval from the
concerning Authorities.

 Sometimes, on the basis of rough cost estimates, a proposal may be dropped

altogether.

 Unit cost is worked out for projects similar to the project under consideration

carried out recently in nearly the same site conditions.

 Unit cost means cost of execution of a unit quantity of the work.

Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)
 To find rough cost of any project, this worked average unit cost is

multiplied with total quantity of the present work in the same units.

 For example, in case of a building, plinth area (sq. ft.) of the proposed

building is worked out, which is then multiplied by the cost per unit
area (Rs. /ft2) of similar building actually constructed in the near past in
nearly the same site conditions, to find out the rough cost estimate of
the building.

 This cost is sometimes adjusted by the average percentage rise in the

cost of materials and wages.

 Rough cost estimate
 The rough cost estimate may be prepared on the following basis for different
types of projects:

1. Cost per square foot of covered area (plinth area) is the most
commonly adopted criterion for preparing rough cost estimate for most of
the residential buildings.

2. For public buildings, cost. Per person (cost per capita) is used. For
example,

Students hostel———————-—cost per student

Hospitals————————————Cost per bed

Hotel—————————————Cost per Guest

Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)
3. Cost per cubic foot is particularly suitable for commercial offices, shopping
centers, and factory buildings, etc.

4. For water tank/reservoir, cost may be worked out on the basis of capacity in
gallons of water stored.

5. For roads and railways, cost may be found out per mile/kilometer of
length.

6. For streets, cost may be per hundred feet/meters of length.

7. In case of bridges, cost per foot/meter of clear span may be calculated.

 EXAMPLE

 Calculate the total rough cost estimate and cost per Flat for a multi-storey (4-storeyed) block

consisting of 40 residential flats. Other details are given in the table:

Sr. No PORTION AREA UNIT COST (Rs./sq.ft.)
(sq. ft) Building Works Sanitary Works Electric Services Sui Gas Services

1 Main Flat Area

(i) Ground Floor 20030 1800 130 100 60

(ii) Ist Floor 20030 1500 130 100 60
(iii) 2nd Floor 20030 1650 130 100 60
(iv) 3rd Floor 20030 1800 130 100 60
2 Park Area at G. 75,800 800 -------- 40 -------
Floor
3 Circulation Area in 1936 1050 -------- 70 -------
all 4 floors
4 Covered Shopping 920 950 -------- 70 -------
Area at G. Floor
5 Attached Servant 2112 1150 55 70 40
Quarters
Add the following costs as Lump Sum :
1- Road and Walkways = 15,00,000/-

2- Land Scapping = 12,00,000/-

3- External Sewerage = 7,00,000/-

4- External Water Supply, Overhead and Underground Water Tanks

with pumping machinery for each set of Flats = 19,00,000/-

5- External Electricity = 3,00,000/-

6- Boundary Wall = 6,00,000/-

7- Miscellaneous unforeseen items = 8,00,000/-

8- Add 6 % development charges.

9- Add 3 % consultancy charges

DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully and separately calculating in detail the costs of
various items of the work that constitute the whole project from the detailed working drawings
after the design has been finalized.

 The mistakes, if any, in the rough cost estimate are eliminated in the detailed estimate.

 Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent authorities for obtaining technical sanction.

 The whole project is sub-divided into different items of work or activities. The quantity for each
item is then calculated separately from the drawings as accurately as possible. The procedure is
known as "taking out of quantities".

 The quantities for each item may be estimated and shown in the pattern which is called "Bill of
quantities."

 The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be calculated, should be according to the prevailing
practice as followed in various departments of the country.
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Description No Measurements Quantity Total Remarks
Sr. No
of item Quantity
Length Breadth Height

PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES

Sr. No. Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate Cost Remarks

 DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Each item of the work is then multiplied by its estimated current rate calculated
by a fixed procedure to find out cost of the item.

 At the end, a total of all items of the work are made to get the total estimated
cost.

 The rates are usually as per Schedule of Rates for the locality plus a premium to
allow for rise in labor and material rates over and above the schedule of rates.

 A percentage, usually 5% is also provided on the total estimated cost for the
work to allow for the possible contingencies due to unforeseen items or
expenditure or other causes, besides 2% establishment charges.
 DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Besides drawings and details of measurements and calculation of quantities (Bill of
Quantities), the following documents are also usually submitted with the detailed estimate
for obtaining Technical Sanction:

1. A report explaining History, necessity, scope and main features of the project, its design, and
estimate, etc.

2. Specifications lying down the nature and class of work and material to be used in various
parts of the work.

3. The abstract of cost (priced Bill of Quantities) showing the total quantities under each sub-
head, rate per unit of measurement, and cost.

4. Calculation sheets showing calculations for important parts of the structure. In fact, in
estimating the art and skill lies only in the computation of details without any omissions, of
all parts of the building or work.
1- CONTRACTOR ESTIMATE

 It is made by the contractor for determining the price or prices to

be bid.

 It is usually a carefully prepared detailed estimate.

2- ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE

 This type of estimate is made by the Engineer (Consultant) usually

for the purposes of financing the work and for checking bids and

running bills submitted by contractors.

 3- PROGRESS ESTIMATES

 These are made by the Engineer at regular intervals for the completed parts of the

project during the progress of the work for determining the amounts of partial
payments to be made to the contractor.

 On large contracts, such estimates are commonly made each month and, hence,

are frequently called monthly estimates.

UNFORESEEN ITEMS IN DETAILED ESTIMATE
 While preparing a detailed estimate, one had to be very careful to see that all

items of the work are incorporated.

 It is likely that a few Items, though unimportant in nature, might have been

overlooked and which may result in raising the estimate of the project.

 There may be also certain unforeseen circumstances affecting the project.

 Hence, a certain allowance usually 5 to 10% of the total cost, is made in the

estimation which will take care of all these items that are unforeseen or are
overlooked and are known as "Contingencies".
 METHODS OF DETAILED ESTIMATE
 The dimensions, length, breadth and height or depth are to be taken out from

the working drawings (plan, elevation and section).

 Junctions of walls, corners and the meeting points of walls require special

attention.

 For symmetrical footings, which is the usual case, earthwork in excavation in

foundations, foundation concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, and

brickwork in superstructure may be estimated by either of the two methods:

(1) SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD

(2) CENTER LINE METHOD

 SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALLS METHOD

 The walls running in one direction are termed as "long walls” and the walls
running in the transverse direction, as "Short waLls", without keeping in mind
which wall is lesser in length and which wall is greater in length.

 Lengths of long walls are measured or found "Out-to out" and those of short
walls as "In-to-in".

 Different quantities are calculated by multiplying the length by the breadth and
the height of the wall.

 The same rule applies to the excavation in foundation, to concrete bed in

foundation, D.P.C., masonry in foundation and super structure etc.
SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALLS METHOD

 For symmetrical footing on either side, the center line remains same for
super structure, foundation and plinth. So, the simple method is to find
out the centre-to-centre lengths of long walls and short walls from the
plan.

 Long wall length out-to-out

= Center to center length + half breadth on one Side + half breadth on

other side.

= Center to center length + one breadth

 Short wall length in-to-in = Center to Center length - one breadth.

SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALLS METHOD

This method can also be worked out in a quicker way., as follows:

 For long walls

 First of all, find the length of the foundation trench of the long wall
“out-to-out” in the same manner as explained above.

 The length of the foundation concrete is the same.

 For the length of the first footing or first step of the brick wall, subtract
two offsets (2x6"=12") in foundation concrete from the length of the
trench or concrete.
 For the second footing subtract from the length of the 1st
footing two offsets (2x2.25"= 4.5"), for 3rd footing subtract
from the length of the 2nd footing 2 offsets (4.5") and in
this way deal with the long walls up to the super-structure.

 For short walls

Follow he same method but instead of subtracting add two offsets
to get the corresponding lengths in-to-in.
1 Breadth 1 Breadth
2 2

Foundation
Trench
CENTRE LINE METHOD
 In this method, total length of Centre lines of walls, long and short, has to be
found out.

 Find the total length of Centre lines of walls of same type, having same type of
foundations and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total
centre length by the respective breadth and the height.

 In this method, the length will remain the same for excavation in foundations,
for concrete in foundations, for all footings, and for superstructure (with slight
difference when there are cross walls or number of junctions).

 This method is quicker but requires special attention and considerations at the
junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls.
CENTRE LINE METHOD
 For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal etc)
buildings having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite
simple.

 For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction,

half breadth of the respective item or footing is to be deducted
from the total centre length.

 Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall
having two junctions, deduct one breadth of the respective item of
work from the total centre length.
CENTRE LINE METHOD
 For buildings having different types of walls, each set of walls shall have to be dealt
separately.

 Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same manner as
described above. Similarly find the total centre length of walls of second type and deal this
separately, and so on.

 Suppose the outer walls (main walls) are of A type and inner cross walls are of B type.

Then all A type walls shall be taken jointly first, and then all B type walls shall be taken
together separately.

 In such cases, no deduction of any kind need be made for A type walls, but when B type
walls are taken, for each junction deduction of half breadth of A type walls (main Walls)
shall have to be made from the total centre length of B type walls.
CENTRE LINE METHOD

 At corners of the building where two walls are

meeting, no subtraction or addition is required.

 In the figure, the double cross-hatched areas marked

P,Q,R, & S come twice, while blank areas, A,B,C, & D
do not come at all, but these portions being equal in
magnitude, we get the correct quantity.