Mobile

Communication

Instructor: Swarup Sinha Ray

Slide 1#
Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives

• To support you to refresh the basics of cellular

technologies
• To know the scope of functioning in cellular
environment
• To explain the technical aspects of cellular
telecommunications

Slide 2#
 Course
Course Agenda
Agenda

– Access Method & Wireless Access

– Multiple Access
– Mobile Service
– Evolution of Cellular Communication
– GSM Basics
– Mobile Network
– Cellular Telephony in India
– CDMA Basics
– CDMA vs GSM
– Wireless in Local Loop
– Mobile Data (3G)

Slide 3#
 Access Methods
WIRELINE
• Copper
– Local Loop 2 Wire (analog) e.g. Plain Old Telephone system
– Local Loop 4 Wire (digital) e.g. E1 line, E3 line
• Optic Fiber
• Modem
– Optical
– ISDN BRI
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL - 2 wire)

WIRELESS
• Microwave
– LMDS – Local Multichannel Distribution Service
– MMDS – Multipoint/Microwave Multichannel Distribution Service
– UBR – Unlicensed Band Radio Link
• VSAT = Very Small Aperture Terminal
• Cellular
– GSM
– CDMA 2000 1x
• Wi-MAX, Wi-Fi
Slide 4#
 Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Wave
Wave

• Light (Optic Fiber Cable)

• Infrared for device to device data transfer
• Microwave
2.5 GHz / 2.7 GHz
– VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) + Satellite 3.3 GHz / 3.5 GHz
– LMDS (Local Multichannel Distribution system) 5.2 GHz / 5.7 GHz
– MMDS (Multipoint Multichannel Distribution system) 10.5 GHz
– WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) 24.5 GHz / 26 GHz
54 GHz / 66 GHz
• Radio
– UBRS (Unlicensed Band Radio system) (2.4 GHz)
– WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) (2.4 GHz)
– Cordless / Walkie Talkie
– Cellular (450 MHz, 800MHz, 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, 1.9 GHz)
Slide 5#
 Multiple Access
To share communication channels or physical communication
mediums (air interface in case of wireless) between multiple users
Multiple access techniques developed due to Digital technology

Slide 6#
 Frequency & Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA TDMA
Frequency Frequency
Channel Channel

Time Time
• User’s channel is specific RF channel
User’s channel is private radio • Multiple users access each channel w/o
frequency (RF) channel during the interference
duration of call • Each user is allocated unique time slots
When call is finished channel is within each channel
released for another user • Current cellular standard divides signals into
Low radio capacity (no. of users) 6 time slots
• Each signal uses 2 slots, hence allowing 3
signals per channel
• Hence the channel belongs to the user during
Extended TDMA corrects the problem
of wasted bandwidth by creating the time slots in a repeating sequence
buffer queue for allocation of channel • Problem of bandwidth wastage if no signal

Slide 7#
 Duplexing
• Duplex communication system
– signal can flow in both directions between connected parties

• Half-duplex system
– allows communications in both directions, but only one direction at a time
(not simultaneously)
– Example: Radio, Walkie-Talkie, Push-to-Talk (PTT), Taxi Despatch
system, Police system

• Full-duplex system
– allows communication in both directions, and allows this to happen
simultaneously
– Example: Telephone, Mobile phone allows to talk & listen simultaneously

• Point-to-Multipoint Network
– Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) is the application of FDMA to
separate outward and return signals
• Example: GSM combines the use of FDD to prevent interference between
outward and return signals, with TDMA to allow multiple handsets to work in a
single cell.
– Time Division Duplexing (TDD) is the application of TDMA to separate
outward and return signals
• Example: LMDS, MMDS, UBR, WiFi / Wi-MAX Slide 8#
 Elements of Mobile Communication
• Mobile Station (MS) (Mobile Subscriber Unit)
– Mobile Telephone
– Fixed Wireless Telephone
• Base station
• Mobile station talks to many mobile stations at once, using
one channel per mobile
• Each mobile station uses a separate, temporary RF based
channel to talk to base station
• Channels use a pair of RF for communication
– Forward link (down link)
– Reverse link (up link)
• Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
– Mobile Switching Center
– Point of Interconnect (PoI) with Public Switch telephone Network
(PSTN)
– PoI with other Mobile Service Provider

Slide 9#
 Mobile Radio Service

Mobile radio service operates in a closed network

Very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area
Transmission upto 50 km radius like television broadcast

Slide 10
#
 Mobile Radio Telephone System

PSTN

B a se
M T S O
S ta tio n

MTSO = Mobile Telephone Switching Office

• 1946 – First car-based mobile system set-up in St. Lious

• 1977 – First frequency modulation based cellular telephone system by
Bell Labs
• 1981 – Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) was introduced as first
Commercial Cellular Services in the Nordic countries
• 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) standard (Analogue) was
released in the US using 800 MHz to 900 MHz frequency and 30 kHz
bandwidth for each channel
Slide 11
#
Evolution
Evolution of
of Cellular
Cellular Communication
Communication

2G Cellular Technologies
GSM (Global
( System for Mobile Communications)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Slide 12
#
 Comparison Chart

Technology Theory Actual

Calls / Omni Cell Calls / Omni Cell
AMPS 6 6
D-AMPS (IS-54/136) 36 18
GSM 8 8
CDMA 22 / 14 22 / 14
Slide 13
#
 Evolution of GSM
- 1982: Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) was instituted by a
group of European Committees. Later name was changed
to Global System for Mobile Communication
- 1987: GSM design considered the following objectives
- To enable greater capacity compared to 1G (analogue)
- To offer good spectral efficiency
- To support international roaming
- To ensure inter-operability of network elements of different
vendors To offer good subjective speech quality
- To keep phone or terminal cost low
- To allow terminals to be handheld
- To offer ISDN compatibility
- To ensure privacy
- 1991: Commercial system start-up
ITU = International Telecommunications Union
Slide 14
#
 GSM Design
- Digital technology, Cellular Architecture
- Narrowband TDMA was chosen as the Access method
- Defines Radio Frequency / Air Interface
- Deployed using radio frequency band of 900 MHz or 1800 MHz in Europe
and 800 MHz or 1900 MHz in the US
- Difference between uplink and downlink frequencies is 80 MHz
- eg. 933-960 MHz for uplink & 890-915 MHz for downlink
- Spectrum efficiency through usage of digital TDMA combined with 200
kHz RF channel separation
- GSM channels are time division multiplexed to enable upto 8 users to
access each carrier
- Transmission rate over the air @ 270.833 kbps
• Management Overhead causes data rate available to each time slot of 24.8 kbps
• Error correction to overcome problems of interference requires around 11-12 kbps
• Available data rate for transporting digitally encoded voice / data = 13 kbps
- Carrier modulation uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK) causing
usage of narrow bandwidth and constant power level
- Defines Network Elements to fulfill objectives
ITU = International Telecommunications Union
Slide 15
#
 Cellular Architecture
• CELL
– Basic geographic unit of cellular system
– CGI = Cell Global Identity to identify each cell
– FOOTPRINT = Coverage region around Base Stations are divided into
honeycomb shape (hexagon) or cell coverage area
– Cell coverage area or size depends on landscape, natural terrain, man-
made structures and hence may not be perfect hexagons
• CLUSTERS
– Interference problems are caused by mobile units using the same channel
in adjacent areas led to cell wise channel allocation
– Interference effects are lowered by reducing the distance between cell
areas (radius) to BTS
– Group of cells in which channels are not reused
– FREQUENCY PLANNING through 7 cell frequency re-use pattern in a
cluster
– CELL SPLITTING is used when a service area becomes full of users
• Urban centers are split into more cells to provide acceptable service in heavy-
traffic regions
• Rural regions have larger, less expensive cells
• Handoff of call for roaming user from one cell to another

Slide 16
#
 Cell Representation

Actual Cell Coverage

Diagrammatic Cell Coverage

The cells are normally drawn as hexagonal, but in practice they are irregularly
shaped, this is as a result of the influence of the surrounding terrain, or of design
by the network planners
Slide 17
#
 Cell Size

Max 60-70 km

200 m+

Small Cells
Large Cells
Number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the number of MS subscribers operating in the area,
geographic layout of the area (hills, lakes, buildings etc), installation & maintenance cost.
Large Cell size is dependent on the terrain the cell is covering and the power class of the MS. Terrain = cell
site is on top of a hill, with no obstructions for miles. Power = In GSM, the MS can be transmitting anything
up to 8 Watts; the higher the power output of the MS the larger the cell size.
Small cells are used with a large number of MSs in a small geographic region, or where a low transmission
power may be required to reduce the effects of interference.
Slide 18
#
 Frequency Re-use

Frequency 1

Frequency 2

Frequency 1

Frequency Re-use

Standard GSM has a small subset of 124 frequencies available for use in a network..
Frequency re–use pattern is planned to avoid co–channel and/or adjacent channel interference .
It depends on nature of the area to be covered - densely populated city (high frequency re–use, small
cells, high capacity) or sparsely populated rural expanse (large omni cells, low re–use, low capacity).

Slide 19
#
 Frequency Planning in GSM

f7
f6
f2
f7
f1
f6
f5 f2
f3
f1
f4
f5
f3
f4

Slide 20
#
 Cellular Coverage

Many low-power transmitters placed throughout a coverage area

Number of channels increase many-fold increasing system capacity
Radio energy dissipates over distance, so the mobiles must be
within the operating range of the base station Slide 21
#
 Site Sectorization

Omni-directional Cell Site

Site
Each site has a single cell
and that cell has a single
transmit antenna which
radiates the radio waves to
360 Degree cells 360 degrees
Cell
1 Transmit/Receive Antenna
Cell Cell
6 Cell Site
Site
6 Transmit/Receive Antenna
Cell Cell

Cell

Cell 60 Degree Sectors/cells

Cell Site 3 Cell Site

3 Transmit/Receive Antenna
Cell

120 Degree Sectors/cells

Slide 22
#
 Cellular
Cellular Communication
Communication

BTS = Base Forward Link

Transceiver
Station

Reverse Link

MS = Mobile Station

Sector 2
Sector 1
Sector 3
Cell

Cellular Network
radio network made up of a number of cells each served by a fixed low-
power wireless transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.
Slide 23
#
 Flexibility/Increased Capacity

• Digital air interface makes it more resilient to interference from users

on the same or nearby frequencies
• Easily (RF) configured (software driven) making it flexible
– Network re–configurations can be made quickly and easily with a
minimum of manual intervention
• Users per channel
– One carrier support eight users, hence expansion can be made with less
equipment
– Half rate speech channel with 16 users per carrier requiring half data to be
sent over the air interface
• International roaming (carry MS or SIM card)
• Better frequency re-use
• Multi-band operation (user can make use of both the 900 MHz network
and the 1800/1900 networks)
Slide 24
#
 Compatibility

RTMS

ITALY

PORTUGAL

GERMANY

U.K C-450

GSM SPAIN
TACS AUSTRIA NORWAY

SWITZERLAND
FINLAND

NETHERLANDS

FRANCE
DENMARK

SWEDEN

NMT
RADIOCOM 2000

There is a large market for GSM equipment. This means that manufacturers can produce
equipment in higher quantities and of better quality, and also, due to the number of
manufacturers, a competitive and aggressive pricing structure exists. This results in lower costs
for the MS subscriber and the network operators. Slide 25
#
 Noise Robustness
• Sources of Noise for MS • GSM Answers

– Vehicle ignition systems – Digital interface instead of

analog
– Lightning bolt
• Allows data manipulation
– Co-channel interference (Another
transmission on the same frequency) • Interleaving

– Adjacent channel interference (Another • Error detection

transmission “breaking through” from a
nearby frequency) • Error correction

– Background spurious noise intruding • GSM air interface in harsh

because the required signal is too weak RF environments can
to exclude it produce a usable signal

Slide 26
#
 Cell Handover GSM

f2

f1

H/O
ROAD

Users roaming from one cell to another may get disconnected if time slot is occupied in next cell.
Hard Handover in GSM = Break before make since adjacent cells use same radio channel.
During a call, when a mobile unit moves out of coverage area of a given cell site, the reception
becomes weak. The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site w/o
interrupting the call or alerting the user.
Slide 27
#
 Use of Standardized Open Interfaces

G.703 IEEE 802.3

X.25 C7 LAP-B

ISDN V.35

LAP-D

Network planners can select different manufacturers for different pieces of hardware and have a great deal of flexibility.
Competition between manufacturers ensures latest developments at a competitive price.

Slide 28
#
 Improved Security and Confidentiality

BSS

GSM Offers:
Encryption
ME Authentication
Subscriber Authentication (SIM)
“The Hacker” Frequency Hopping

Security with regards to call theft and equipment theft.

Mobile Equipment (ME) has a unique number coded into it when it is manufactured.
Subscriber is authenticated by use of a smart card known as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Allows encryption and digital encoding of all signalling over the air interface.
Supports frequency hopping; this entails each “burst” of information being transmitted to/from the MS/base site on
a different frequency, again making it very difficult for an observer (hacker) to follow/listen to a specific call.
Slide 29
#
 Enhanced Range of Services
• Offered by Network Provider & Capabilities of Mobile Equipment
• Speech Services
– Telephony
– Emergency Calls
– Short Message Services
– Dual Personal and Business Numbers
• Data Services
– Raw Data (9.6 kbit/s or 4.8 kbit/s or 2.4 kbit/s)
– Fax
• Supplementary Services
– Number Identification
– Call Barring
– Call Forwarding
– Call Completion
– Charging
– Multi-party
Slide 30
#
 GSM Network Components
•Mobile Station (MS)
•Base Station System (BSS) AUC
– BTS - Base Transceiver Station (cell site)
– BSC - Base Station Controller
•Switching System
– MSC - Mobile Switching Center
EIR
– HLR - Home Location Register
– VLR - Visitor Location Register
– AuC - Authentication Center
– EIR - Equipment Identity Register
– (PoI) Point of Interconnect with PSTN -
Public Switched Telephone Network &
other Cellular Service Provider
– IWF- Interworking Function
•Operation Support System
& Billing Support System (OSS / BSS)
892AB_00

Slide 31
#
 GSM Network Components - MS
•Mobile System (MS) or Mobile Equipment (ME)
– Hardware (display, case, battery)
– Power
• Low standard power level (800 mW) since mobiles transmit for 1/8 th of the time
• Power saving when person is listening, pausing during speech using Voice Activity Detector
– Electronics to generate signal, process data received and to be transmitted
– VOCODER / CODEC
• Digital encoding of Voice to reduce bandwidth requirement as well as to retain privacy
• Voice coding to analyse incoming speech data and reducing data rate, to re-constitute speech data
at the receiving end
– Hard coded number known as International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
– Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card
• Carries data of user identity,
• To store other information known as International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) to allow
user to upgrade a phone while retaining the same identity on the network
• To store information such as “phone book”
• To increase demand for new phones with additional features
• To allow mobile operators to increase Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)

Slide 32
#
 GSM Network Components - BSS
•BTS
– radio equipment (transceiver and antenna) that handles radio interface to the mobile station and to
service a cell
– VOCODER / CODEC
•BSC
– provides control functions and physical links between BTS & MSC, high capacity switch that
provides functions as handover, cell configuration data, RF power level control,
– usually co-located with one of the BTSs and controls a small group of BTSs

Slide 33
#
 GSM Network Components – Core Network
•MSC – provides telephony switching function, registration, authentication, call location identification,
call routing to mobile subscribers, performs toll ticketing, network interfacing and common channel
signaling, interface to PSTN, controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems, manages inter-
MSC handovers
•Databases to track location of mobiles and enables calls to be routed to them
– HLR – database that stores permanent data about subscribers, location information and activity status.
• When a user switches the mobile, it registers with the network / BTS it is communicating for incoming
calls to be routed
• When phone is not active but switched on, it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network is aware is
aware of its latest position
– VLR – database that contains temporary information about visiting subscriber. When a mobile unit roams into
a new MSC area, the VLR connected to the MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR.
Later, if the mobile station makes a roaming call, the VLR will have data w/o having to interrogate the HLR
each time
•Systems to authenticate mobile unit to allow onto the network and for billing
– AUC – provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user’s identity & ensures
confidentiality of each call. This is achieved by comparing AuC data with IMSI.
– EIR – database to identify mobile equipment to prevent calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile
stations. This is achieved by comparing EIR data with IMEI.
•Gateway MSC (GMSC) is where the call from visiting MS is initially routed. It obtains Mobile Station
Roaming Number (MSRN) from HLR using Mobile Station-ISDN (MS-ISDN) & routes call to MSC Slide 34
#
 Mobile Services
•Outgoing call
•Incoming call
•Roaming incoming (Domestic roaming, International roaming)
•Roaming outgoing (Domestic roaming, International roaming)
•Call forwarding to another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable (no reply)
•Call hold to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablishing it
•Call waiting to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation (Subscriber can
answer, reject or ignore the incoming call)
•Barring of incoming call
•Barring of outgoing call
•Multi-party calling or audio conference
•Closed user group (CUG) of a group of subscribers who are capable of calling
themselves with specific facilities.
•Calling line identification to display number of calling party
•Calling line restriction to override the presentation
•Voice Mail
Slide 35
#
 Other Services
•GSM supports data rates up to 9.6 kbps & provides compatibility with
ISDN
•Specifications incorporates short messaging service (SMS)
-Modulation is achieved by Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)
-Supports Facsimile group III
•Short Messaging Service (SMS)
– Allows bi-directional messaging using two SMS gateways
• SMS Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC) for short messages to be sent to MS
• SMS Inter-Working MSC (SMS-IWMSC) for short messages originating from a
mobile on the network
– Store and forward delivery
– Alphanumeric messages
•Cell broadcast
•Facsimile group III support using a special fax converter
•Advice of charge (AoC) to provide an estimate of call charges
Slide 36
#
 Cellular Telephony In India

• 1992: Resource gap in the 8th plan of Government of India = Rs. 23000 Cr.
• 1994: Cellular licenses awarded to private sector for Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota,
Chennai. (2 operators / circle with license for 10yrs)
• 1995: Cellular licenses awarded to 19 circles.
• 1998: Cellular operators were near bankruptcy (with less than 1 mn subscribers)
• 1999: Government of India accorded highest priority to investment and
development of telecommunications sector.
– National Telecom Policy introduced revenue sharing.
• 2000: TRAI Act amended.
- Cellular tariffs dropped by 90% because role of independent regulator got clear
- Cell phone costs dropped from Rs 25k to Rs 2k +
• 2001: 1400 cities and towns covered by GSM.
– 89 Cellular Licenses released across the country
• 2003: CDMA introduced under WLL License
• 2004: CDMA allowed under Unified Telecom License
• 2006: More than 5000 cities / towns covered across the country
– 105 mn subscibers (74% GSM, 26% CDMA)

Slide 37
#
CDMA

Slide 38
#
 Advent of CDMA

- 1995: CDMA as a digital wireless technology pioneered by

Qualcomm-USA was commercially introduced
- 1999: CDMA was selected by ITU as the industry standard
for 3G wireless systems

ITU = International Telecommunications Union

Slide 39
#
Coded Messages in One Area
“Shalom” “Guten Tag”
“Buenos Dias”
“Bonjour”

“Hello”

All Users on same Frequency at the same Time

Slide 40
#
Code Division Multiple Access

• CDMA is a scheme in which

multiple users are assigned
common radio resources
• CDMA uses direct sequence
– spread spectrum techniques
• Each user has full time use of
the entire spectral allocations
• Although all users are
transmitting in the same RF
band, all users are separated
from each other via the use of
Orthogonal codes (Walsh
code).
• Each user’s signal energy is
coded so as to appear like
broadband noise to every
other user.
Slide 41
#
 Spread Spectrum Concept
In GSM small time slots of the spectrum (200 kHz) are used by different users as channels.

1800 MHz 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 2000 MHz

Mobile Tx Cell Tx

User 1 Code 1
User 2 Code 2
User 3 Code 3
User 4 Code 4

User n Code n
In CDMA, Direct Sequence Spread spectrum uses much larger slice (1.25
MHz) of the available bandwidth.
Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but each user is
assigned with a different code to uniquely identify them.
Slide 42
#
 CDMA System

Analog to
Digital
converter
PSTN @PCM/DLC

Encoder &
Vocoder Interleaver
@MSC/BSC @BTS
Digital to
Spreader Analog (RF)
@BTS Converter
@BTS
Code
generator
@BTS

Slide 43
#
 CDMA System
• VOCODER (voice coder) is used to compress the digital
signal from the Codec (code/decode).
– CDMA systems can use either 8 kbps or 13 kbps vocoder. It is
located at the BSC / BTS and at the mobile station.
– Variable Rate Vocoder - In CDMA, it compresses voice in one of
four rates (full, ½, ¼ or 1/8 rate) determined by user’s speech
activity.

• CODES separate one encoded voice data from other

encoded voice data.
– Orthogonal (Walsh) code is used on forward link to channelize
users and
– Pseudorandon noise (PN) code is used on reverse link to
channelize users.
– Channelization spreads encoded symbols across the entire
bandwidth of the CDMA stream of data. RF signal transmits the
channelized data.
Slide 44
#
 CDMA System
• RECEIVER despreads / decodes signal & recovers
encoded data.

• ENCODER builds redundancy into the signal. Each bit of

vocoded data is repeated thrice using encoded bits or
symbols. Decoding at the receiver uses a majority logic
rule (accept two out of three wins). If an error occurs, the
redundancy can help recover the lost information.

• INTERLEAVING reduces the effects of burst errors during

transmission & deinterleaving recovers bit burst error
making it simpler to decode.

Slide 45
#
 Unique Identification
Walsh Code 21
15-bit PN Code, Offset 2
42-bit PN Code (ESNzzz)
Walsh Code23
Walsh Code 8
Walsh Code 35 15-bit PN Code, Offset 0
15-bit PN Code, Offset 0

Walsh Code 35
15-bit PN Code, Offset 1

42-bit PN Code (ESNnnn)

Walsh Code10
42-bit PN Code (ESNxxx)
Walsh Code23

42-bit PN Code (ESNyyy)

Walsh Code15

Slide 46
#
 Signaling Services
Pilot channel is constantly
transmitted to acquire system
and after acquiring system for
signal strength measurement
Sync channel is constantly
transmitted to provide critical
timing info to mobile and is used
to sync mobile with base station
Paging channel is used to
transmit overhead info like
commands & forward traffic
channel assignment to mobile
when a call is being set up
Access channel is used by
mobile when not assigned to
traffic. It is used to register with
network, originate calls, respond
to commands from base station,
send overheads to base station.
Forward traffic channel is used
when there is a call
Reverse traffic channel is used
when there is a call
Slide 47
#
 Advantages of CDMA
• CDMA has 2-3 times more coverage than TDMA based service
• CDMA offers more channel capacity
• CDMA offers increased security & enhanced privacy because of the codes transmitted with
traffic
• CDMA does not allow cross talks because of coding
• CDMA transmits at lower power requirements, ensures precise power control, allows
increased talk time and standby time for portables
• CDMA offers advanced features like over-the-air-activation, sleep mode and data/fax.
• CDMA like GSM supports the mobile services

Spectral Efficiency of CDMA

• Channel capacity in a TDMA system is fixed and indisputable. Each channel carries a
finite number of "slots", and a new caller cannot be accommodated once each of those
slots is filled.
• Capacity is one of CDMA's biggest assets, CDMA has a very high "spectral efficiency“.
IT CAN ACCOMMODATE MORE USERS PER Mhz OF BANDWIDTH THAN ANY
OTHER TECHNOLOGY. CDMA has what is known as "soft capacity". You can always
add just one more caller to a CDMA channel at the cost of quality.
• CDMA system capacity is a compromise between the no. of users and call quality
• CDMA allows extended reach & hence is beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

Slide 48
#
Universal Frequency Re-use in CDMA

f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1 f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1 f1
f1
f1
f1
f1

Slide 49
#
Cell Handover in CDMA

f1

f1

‘Soft’ handover in CDMA

Make before break
Higher voice quality
Less cell-to-cell coordination
needed by operators

Slide 50
#
 Multipath

• GSM is subjected to multipath distortion. One way to avoid this is to put a

time limit on the system. Affected by Multipath,there is signal loss at cell
fringes where reflection and refraction may cancel or weaken signal
• Since CDMA is a wideband signal, multipaths can be used to increase the
quality of the signal.
Slide 51
#
 Superior Voice Quality in CDMA
• Variable rate vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate, interference and
background noise.
• It takes advantage of reduced speech activity and “silences”
• CDMA takes advantage of various types of diversity to improve speech
quality:
 Frequency diversity (protection against frequency selective fading)
 Spatial diversity (two receive antennas) & soft hand-offs
 Path diversity (rake receiver improves reception of signal experiencing
multipath "interference," & actually enhances sound quality)

Slide 52
#
 Continuous Power Control in CDMA

• Signals from all mobiles are received at the Base Station

with the same received power.
• CDMA network independently controls the power of each
mobile
• OPEN LOOP is an estimate of what power the mobile
should use to transmit based on the strength of the mean
signal power received by the mobile
• FAST CLOSED LOOP is when there is a call. Network
sends command to mobile to increase or decrease power.

Slide 53
#
 Mobile Data

- GSM supports data rates up to 9.6 kbps & provides

compatibility with ISDN
- CDMA Data Service superior compared to GSM.
- CDMA supports data rates up to 144 kbps with cdma2000
1x technology from Qualcomm
- CDMA supports upto 2 mbps with cdma 1xEV-DO
technology from Qualcomm
- 3G mobile

Slide 54
#
 Disadvantages of CDMA

Limited Roaming - GSM is older technology and more wide-spread across the
world while CDMA is proprietary and allows limited roaming
Poor Interoperability - CDMA is not interoperable between Service Providers
while GSM is designed for interoperability
Near Far Problem – if all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, signals
received by the base station from mobile further away would be weaker than those
signals received from mobiles which were closer to the cell. This reduces capacity of a
CDMA system.
Path Loss – With distance between cell and mobile, signal becomes weaker.
Fading – Due to two signals from same transmitter received due to multipath. Slide 55
#
 ”
3G Evolution Path

•CDMA
•1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
CDMAOne IS-95A
(8 K ~ 13.3 Kbps) *
CDMAOne IS-95B
13.3 Kbps
(64 Kbps) CDMA2000 1x IS-2000 CDMA2000 3x
56 Kbps
•(307 Kbps) CDMA2000 1x Ev-DV
•144 Kbps
(more than 2.0 Mbps)

• GPRS/ UMTS/ WCDMA GPRS

(115 Kbps)
28 ~ 40 Kbps GPRS
(115 Kbps) (115 Kbps)
56 Kbps 112 Kbps
EDGE
•GPRS: General Packet Radio Service … 2.5G (384 Kbps)
•EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), UMTS
•UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.920 Mbps)
•WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA

W-CDMA is a type of 3G cellular network. W-CDMA is the technology behind the 3G

UMTS standard and is allied with the 2G GSM standard with the International
Telecommunication Union – ITU. (Developed by NTT – DoCoMo of Japan)
Slide 56
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Wireless in Local Loop
(WLL)

Slide 57
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 Wireless Local Loop

Fixed Wireless Terminal on CDMA Fixed Cellular Terminals with multiple

Connects to PSTN using radio signals GSM SIM cards
Can be linked to PBX for outward It sits neatly along side your telephone
calling to CDMA mobiles at lower rates exchange, diverting calls made from fixed
Useful for voice / data access lines to mobiles through the SIM cards,
making them mobile to mobile calls.

Slide 58
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 Fixed Wireless Applications

POI Other
Service
Provide
WLL r
Service
Provide
r

RJ11 RJ45

DATA

POTS FAX

Extension

Console
PBX

Slide 59
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Mobile Data

Slide 60
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 Evolution of 3G

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a 2.5G mobile data service for users of GSM
mobile phones with data rates of 115 kbps. It uses packet-switching based on a tunneling
protocol that delivers IP packers across the mobile network to a router.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) improves GSM system data rates of
between 160 and 236.8 kbit/s with modified 8PSK (phase shift key) modulation.
3G allows data communication of 2 mbps with shift from circuit switching to packet
switching technology
Slide 61
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 3G - GSM
• Allows transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary
systems
• Entirely new networks need to be built and new frequencies need to be assigned
to mobile operators to deploy 3G
• Uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and
increased capacity
• Services applicable with 3G
– Voice data (a telephone call)
– Non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant
messaging).
– Music download
– Videophone
• W-CDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum 3G mobile telecommunication air
interface that utilizes code division multiple access and is allied with GSM
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a 3G mobile technology
that uses W-CDMA and supports upto1920 kbps

The first country which introduced 3G on a large commercial scale was

Japan. In 2005, about 40% of subscribers used 3G networks only and
upgrades to the next 3.5G stage with 3 Mbit/s data rates are underway.
Slide 62
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 3G - CDMA
• CDMA 2000 1x allows data rates upto 144 kbps
• Air Card in PCMCIA slot of Laptop / external PCMCIA port of
Desktop to access Internet
• CDMA2000 1x-EV-DO (1x Evolution-Data Optimized) is a wireless
radio broadband data standard with air interface speeds of up to
2.4576 Mb/s with Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mb/s with Rev. A

4G will offer true high speed data services (2mbps to 156 mbps) based on IP
switching, advanced signal processors, new modulation techniques like
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), smart antennas.

Slide 63
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 Wireless Application Protocol
• Wireless Application Protocol or WAP is an open international standard
for applications that use wireless communication. Its principal application is
to enable access to the internet from a mobile phone or PDA.
• WAP microbrowser software within the mobile device interprets the byte
code and displays the interactive WAP content
• WAP sites, are websites written in, or dynamically converted to, WML
(Wireless Markup Language) and accessed via the WAP browser
• Interactive data applications are required to support now commonplace
activities such as:
– email by mobile phone
– tracking of stock market prices
– sports results
– news headlines
– music downloads

Slide 64
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 Wi-MAX
• WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• WiMAX (officially trademarked as WirelessMAN) promotes conformance with
IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards for its
wireless metropolitan area network standard, which defines broadband
Internet access from fixed or mobile devices via antennas.
• A standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access over long range (many kilometers) that uses licensed
spectrum to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to
an end user.
– Can deliver upto 10 Mbps over 10 km with Line of Sight (LoS) and non-moving
recipient, 2 km without LoS. For moving objects bandwidth falls significantly.
• The bandwidth and reach of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential
applications:
– Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet.
– Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband
access.
– Providing high-speed data and telecommunications services.
– Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity
plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless internet connection, especially
from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service
outage.

Slide 65
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 Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi is the underlying technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN)
based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications.
• Wi-Fi is a short range (range is typically measured in hundreds of meters)
system that uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a network,
typically covering only the network operator's own property.
• Developed to be used for mobile computing devices, such as laptops, in LANs
• Used for applications including Internet access to a computer or Personal
digital Assistant (PDA), VoIP phone access, gaming and basic connectivity of
consumer electronics such as televisions and DVD players or digital cameras
• Wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that connects wireless
communication devices together to form a wireless network.
• Hotspots are locations with public wireless access points where you can
connect your mobile computers (such as a laptop or a PDA) to the Internet,
using standard WLAN (Wi-Fi) technology.
• A typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or more Access Points (APs) and one or
more clients. An AP broadcasts its identification packets called beacons every
100 ms. The beacons are transmitted at 1 Mbit/s and are of relatively short
duration. Based on the identifier settings the client connects to an AP.
• Wi-Fi uses modulation technologies like single carrier direct-sequence spread
spectrum radio and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) radio.
Slide 66
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 Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol
primarily designed for low power consumption with a short range
based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
• Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN) specification developed
by a Special Interest Group
• Named after Harald Blaatand “Bluetooth” II, King of Denmark
940-981, who controlled Denmark and Norway
• Replaces cables with radio system for linking devices
• Designed for notebooks, telephones, wireless headsets,
handheld & wearable devices like scanners, bar-coders,
data/voice access devices, peripheral connections for printers,
PDAs, desktops, fax machines, keyboards, joysticks, mouse.
Class Maximum Permitted Power Maximum Permitted Power Range
(mW) (dBm) (approximate)
Class 1 100 mW 20 dBm ~100 meters
Class 2 2.5 mW 4 dBm ~10 meters
Class 3 1 mW 0 dBm ~1 meter

Slide 67
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 Future of Wireless Broadband Coverage –
anytime, anywhere

•2006 – Bangalore has 200 private wireless hotspots in hotels, coffee shops, malls and airport lobby.
•Taipei-Taiwan is the largest unwired metropolis with 90% of public spaces connected by 5000
access points mounted on facilities such as street lamps, traffic signals, subway stations, public
buildings. Two Lakh subscribers already use wireless Internet phone in Taipei..
•Municipal wireless network in 250 locations across the US Slide 68
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