Scribd
Upload
125 views

Basic Civil - Module 2

The document discusses the basics of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on or below the earth's surface through direct or indirect measurements. Surveying involves horizontal and vertical measurements using techniques like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite surveying, tachometric surveying, and total station surveying. Leveling is defined as measuring vertical positions and elevations, and instruments include dumpy levels, wye levels, reversible levels, tilting levels, and staves. Key terms used in surveying and leveling are also described.

Uploaded by

SEKHAR J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
125 views

Basic Civil - Module 2

The document discusses the basics of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on or below the earth's surface through direct or indirect measurements. Surveying involves horizontal and vertical measurements using techniques like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite surveying, tachometric surveying, and total station surveying. Leveling is defined as measuring vertical positions and elevations, and instruments include dumpy levels, wye levels, reversible levels, tilting levels, and staves. Key terms used in surveying and leveling are also described.

Uploaded by

SEKHAR J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

BASIC CIVIL

MODULE – 2
SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION
 Surveying is the art of determining the relative
positions of points on above or beneath the
surface of the earth by direct or indirect
measurements of distances, directions and
elevations and plotting the details on a map

 Surveying is the measurement of objects in their


horizontal positions

 Levelling is the measurement of objects in their


vertical plane.
Importance of Surveying
 The main object of surveying is to prepare
a map or plan to show the relative
positions of the objects on the surface of
the earth.
 To determining the boundaries of land.
 It is very useful for the lay out of design
projects, such as dams, canals, roads,
railways etc.
 The successful completion of any
engineering project mainly depends upon
the accurate surveying.
Objectives of Surveying

 Preparationof archeological, geological and


military maps

 Establishment of boundaries of properties


with reference to the available records

 Plot sub division

 Measurementof quantities in cutting and


embankment using contours
Cont…

 Securing data for making plans and maps

 Plotting of profile for finding capacity of


reservoir, canal etc.

 Measurement of distances between two


points

 Determination of relative position of points


Cont…

 Setting out of alignment of engineering


structures

 Applications in geographic information


system
Principle of Surveying

 Working from whole to part

 Fixing a point w
Working from Whole to Part

 For a given land a set of primary central


points are established with higher precision
in and around the area

 This is to prevent accumulation of errors and


to localize the minor error

 Later
inner control points are established in
between those primary center points.
Cont…

 The details are surveyed with the help of


inner control points

 Thisprinciple is called working from whole


to part

 Working from whole to part is adopted to


avoid the magnification of error
Cont…

 When individual parts are surveyed from one


end there may be error in all parts and finally
it is accumulated to a big error

 This is avoided when larger measurements


take for the entire area first and to go to
parts.
Fixing a Point with reference to
Other Two Points
The relative position of a point can be
fixed with reference to two other points
by means of linear and angular
measurements.
Cont…
 Case A: By measuring distance AC, BC by
drawing two arcs from A and B

 Case B: By dropping a perpendicular from C to AB

 Case C: By measuring AC and angle BAC

 Case D: By measuring AB and angles BAC and


ABC

 Case E: By measuring BAC and angle BAC


Classification of Surveying

 Primary division of surveying

Plane Surveying

Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying
 Themean surface of the earth is considered as
plane in plane surveying

 These survey extend only over small areas

 The lines connecting points are taken as straight


lines and angle between them as plane angles

 This
survey is used in almost all engineering
works
Geodetic Surveying

 Thecurvature of the earth is considered in


geodetic surveying

 Alllines on the surface are taken as curved


lines and angles as spherical angles

 These are adopted in large distance


surveying
Classification Based on Object of
Surveying
 Mine Survey – it is to explore the mineral welth
such as gold, copper, coal etc

 Geological Survey- it is to determine the


different features of soil strata in the earth crust

 Archeological Survey- it is to trace customs and


relics of past civilization

 Military Survey- It is to prepare and determine


the points of strategic importance
Classification based on Instruments
used
 Chain Surveying
 Compass Surveying
 Plane Table Surveying
 Theodolite Surveying
 Tachometric Surveying
 Total Station Surveying
 Areal Survey
Instruments for Chain Surveying
Compass
Plane Table
Theodolite
Total Station
Areal Surveying
Chain Surveying

 Chain Surveying is one of the method of


surveying

 In
this sides of various triangles are directly
measured from field

 No angular measurements are taken


Object of Chain Survey

 Chain survey is done for finding out area of


the plot and land

 Itis used for preparing of plans of various


projects

 Used for preparation of maps

 Used for establishing benchmark and other


survey stations
Cont…

 Used to determine the boundaries of a plot

 To divide the land into various plots

 To secure the data for execution of


engineering projects. i.e., in alignment of
roads, railway lines, canals etc..
Suitability of Chain Survey

 When the area is fairly level, open and with


simple details

 When area is small

 When large scale plans are required


Instruments Used in Chain
Surveying
 Chain/ Measuring tape
 Arrows

 Peg

 Cross Staff
 Ranging Rod
 Offset Rod
 Plumb Bob
Principle of Chain Surveying –
Chain Triangulation
 It is the method of surveying in which the
area is divided into a network of well
conditioned triangles and the sides of the
various triangles are measured directly in the
field with chain or tape and no angular
measurement are taken.

 This is called chain triangulation


Terms in Chain Surveying

 Frame Work – the system of lines or triangles


covering the area to be surveyed is called a
frame work or skelton of surveying

 Survey Station – The end of chain line


denote the survey stations. The end of
boundary chain line are called main survey
stations and others are called subsidiary
survey stations
Cont…

 BaseLine – The longest chain line of all the


survey lines is generally called as base line.
The entire accuracy of the survey is based on
the base line. A base line normally passes
through the center of the area.

 Check Line- A line which is used to check or


prove the accuracy of the framework as well
as that of plotting work is known as check
line.
Levelling

 Levelling is the art of finding the relative


height and depth of objects on the surface of
the earth

 It deals with measurements in vertical plane

 For civil engineering projects like railways,


road ways, bridges, dams and water supply
scheme requires elevations or relative height
of different points
Purpose of Levelling

 To determine difference in levels of points

 To establish points or erect machinery or


construct building component at a pre fixed
levels

 To obtain contour map of an area

 To obtain the cross section of road, canal


etc..
Cont…

 To obtain longitudinal sections of roads,


canal banks, railway line etc.

 To determine depths of cutting and filling in


engineering works
Instruments used in Levelling

 Levels

Dumpy Level

Wye level

Reversible Level

Tilting Level

 Levelling Staff
Self reading Staff

Target staff
Terms
 Level Surface – The surface which is parallel
to the mean spherodial surface of the earth.
 Level Line – A line lying on the level suface
 Datum – the imaginary level surface w.r.t
vertical distance of points are measured
 Mean Sea Level (MSL) – The MSL is obtained
by making hourly observations of tides at any
place over a period of 19 years. MSL adopted
by Survey of India is at Mumbai
Cont…

 Reduced Level – The height or depth of a


point above or below the assumed datum is
known as Reduced Level

 Line of Collimation – The line passing


through the optical centre of the objective
and the point of intersection of the cross
hairs in front of the eyepiece is known as line
of collimation
Cont…

 Instrument Station – the point where the


level instrument is setup is called instrument
station

 Station – A point where a levelling staff is


held

 Height of Instrument (HI) – Height of


elevation of sight w.r.t the assumed datum
Cont…

 Sight– The reading taken on a levelling staff


held at a point through levelling instrument.

 Back Sight (B.S) – The first sight taken from


a station on a levelling staff at bench mark is
called back sight

 Fore Sight (F.S) – the last sight taken from an


instrument station on a staff held at a point of
unknown elevation is called fore sight.
Cont…

 Change Point – The point on which both


backsight and fore sight are taken is called
change point

 IntermediateSight (I.S) – the sight which is


taken between back sight and fore sight is
called intermediate sight

 Bench Mark (B.M) – A point of known


elevation is called a bench mark

You might also like