Sequential Circuits

Combinational Logic
• Combinational Logic:
– Output depends only on current input
– Has no memory

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 Sequential Logic
• Sequential Logic:
– Output depends not only on current input but also
on past input values, e.g., design a counter
– Need some type of memory to remember the past
input values

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 Sequential Circuits
Circuits that we Information Storing
have learned Circuits
so far

Timed “States”
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 Sequential Logic: Concept
• Sequential Logic circuits remember past
inputs and past circuit state.
• Outputs from the system are
“fed back” as new inputs
– With gate delay and wire delay
• The storage elements are circuits that are
capable of storing binary information:
memory.

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 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous

There are two types of sequential circuits:

• Synchronous sequential circuit: circuit output
changes only at some discrete instants of time. This
type of circuits achieves synchronization by using a
timing signal called the clock.
• Asynchronous sequential circuit: circuit output can
change at any time (clockless).

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 Synchronous Sequential Circuits:
Flip flops as state memory

 The flip-flops receive their inputs from the

combinational circuit and also from a clock signal
with pulses that occur at fixed intervals of time,
as shown in the timing diagram.
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 Clock Period

FF Combinational FF
Circuit

FF

Smallest clock period = largest combinational

circuit delay between any two directly connected
FF, subjected to impact of FF setup time.

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 SR Latch (NAND version)

0 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
Q’ 0
1 0
1 R’ 1 1

X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

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 SR Latch (NAND version)

1 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
Q’ 0
1 0
1 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold

X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

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 SR Latch (NAND version)

1 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 0
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
0 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold

X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

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 SR Latch (NAND version)

1 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 0
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
1 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold
0 1 Hold
X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

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 SR Latch (NAND version)

0 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 1
0 0 1 1 Disallowed
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
0 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold
0 1 Hold
X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

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 SR Latch with Clock signal

Latch is sensitive to input changes ONLY when C=1

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 D Latch
• One way to eliminate the undesirable indeterminate
state in the RS flip flop is to ensure that inputs S and
R are never 1 simultaneously. This is done in the D
latch:

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D Latch with Transmission Gates

 C=1  TG1 closes and TG2 opens  Q’=D’ and Q=D

 C=0  TG1 opens and TG2 closes  Hold Q and Q’

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 Flip-Flops
• Latches are “transparent” (= any change on
the inputs is seen at the outputs immediately
when C=1).
• This causes synchronization problems.
• Solution: use latches to create flip-flops that
can respond (update) only on specific times
(instead of any time).
• Types: RS flip-flop and D flip-flop

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 Master-Slave FF configuration
using SR latches

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 Master-Slave FF configuration
using SR latches (cont.)
S R CLK Q Q’
•When C=1, master is enabled and
0 0 1 Q0 Q0’ Store stores new data, slave stores old
0 1 1 0 1 Reset data.
1 0 1 1 0 Set •When C=0, master’s state passes
1 1 1 1 1 Disallowed to enabled slave, master not
X X 0 Q0 Q0’ Store sensitive to new data (disabled).

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 D Flip-Flop

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 Characteristic Tables
• Defines the logical properties of a flip-flop (such
as a truth table does for a logic gate).
• Q(t) – present state at time t
• Q(t+1) – next state at time t+1

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 Characteristic Tables (cont.)
SR Flip-Flop
S R Q(t+1) Operation
0 0 Q(t) No change/Hold
0 1 0 Reset
1 0 1 Set
1 1 ? Undefined/Invalid

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 Characteristic Tables (cont.)

D Flip-Flop
D Q(t+1) Operation
0 0 Set
1 1 Reset

Characteristic Equation: Q(t+1) = D(t)

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 D Flip-Flop Timing Parameters

Setup time
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 Sequential Circuit Analysis
• Analysis: Consists of obtaining a suitable description that
demonstrates the time sequence of inputs, outputs, and
states.
• Logic diagram: Boolean gates, flip-flops (of any kind), and
appropriate interconnections.
• The logic diagram is derived from any of the following:
– Boolean Equations (FF-Inputs, Outputs)
– State Table
– State Diagram

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 Example

• Input: x(t)
• x
Output: y(t) D Q A

• State: (A(t), B(t)) C Q A

• What is the Output Function?

D Q B
• What is the Next State Function?
CP C Q

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 Example (continued)
• Boolean equations for
the functions: x
Q A
D
– A(t+1) = A(t)x(t) +
C Q A’
B(t)x(t) Next State

– B(t+1) = A’(t)x(t)
– y(t) = x’(t)(B(t) + A(t)) D Q B

CP C Q'

Output

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 State Table Characteristics
• State table – a multiple variable table with the following
four sections:
– Present State – the values of the state variables for each allowed
state.
– Input – the input combinations allowed.
– Next-state – the value of the state at time (t+1) based on the
present state and the input.
– Output – the value of the output as a function of the present
state and (sometimes) the input.
• From the viewpoint of a truth table:
– the inputs are Input, Present State
– and the outputs are Output, Next State

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 Example: State Table
• The state table can be filled in using the next state and output equations:
– A(t+1) = A(t)x(t) + B(t)x(t)
– B(t+1) =A (t)x(t);
– y(t) =x (t)(B(t) + A(t))

Present State Input Next State Output

A(t) B(t) x(t) A(t+1) B(t+1) y(t)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0

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 State Diagrams
• The sequential circuit function can be represented in
graphical form as a state diagram with the following
components:
– A circle with the state name in it for each state
– A directed arc from the Present State to the Next State for each state
transition
– A label on each directed arc with the Input values which causes the
state transition, and
– A label:
• On each circle with the output value produced, or
• On each directed arc with the output value produced.

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 Example: State Diagram
x=0/y=0 x=0/y=1 x=1/y=0
• Diagram gets
confusing for AB
large circuits 0 0 x=0/y=1 1 0
• For small circuits, x=1/y=0
usually easier to x=1/y=0
understand than x=0/y=1
the state table
0 1 1 1
x=1/y=0

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 Summary
• Sequential circuit timing analysis
• Flip-Flop
– Transmission gate based flip-flop design
– Setup time

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