MechYr1 Chapter 9 :: Constant

Acceleration
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Last modified: 5th August 2018

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RECAP :: Displacement-Time Graphs
Describe the motion of each object:

𝑠(𝑚)
  𝑠(𝑚)
  𝑠(𝑚)
 

𝑡  (𝑠) 𝑡  (𝑠) 𝑡  (𝑠)

Object is stationary. Object is moving with
? ?
constant velocity. ?
Object is accelerating.

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement

?
(i.e. gradient of displacement-time graph)

Displacement from starting point

 Average Velocity Time ?taken The distinction is important. If
you went out then some time
later travelled back home, your
Total distance travelled average velocity is 0 because
 Average Speed Time ?
your eventual displacement is 0!
taken
Example
[Textbook] A cyclist rides in a straight line for 20
minutes. She waits for half an hour, then returns in a 𝑑  (𝑘𝑚)
straight line to her starting point in 15 minutes. This is a  𝐴  𝐵
displacement-time graph for her journey. 5
(a) Work out the average velocity for each stage of the
journey in km h-1.
(b) Write down the average velocity for the whole  𝑂  𝐶
journey.
20 50 65 𝑡(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠)
 
(c) Work out average speed for the whole journey.

a  

0 (as displacement is 0) ?
Total distance: 10km. Total time: 65 mins

b
?
c
?
Exercise 9A
Pearson Stats/Mechanics Year 1
Pages 132-133

(Classes in a rush may wish to skip this exercise)

 RECAP :: Velocity-Time Graphs
Describe the motion of each object:
−1 −1
𝑣(𝑚
  𝑠 ) 𝑣(𝑚 −1
  𝑠 ) 𝑣(𝑚
  𝑠 )

𝑡  (𝑠) 𝑡  (𝑠) 𝑡  (𝑠)

Object is moving with Object has constant
?
Object is stationary. ?
constant velocity (as
change in velocity is 0).
?
acceleration (as velocity is
increasing at constant rate).

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

?
(i.e. gradient of velocity-time graph)

?
The area under a velocity-time graph gives the distance travelled.

Fro Note: We’ll see later in Chapter 11 that when we

differentiate displacement we get velocity, and
therefore integrating velocity gives displacement.
But we know that integrating finds the area under
the graph.
Examples
[Textbook] The figure shows a velocity-time graph illustrating the
motion of a cyclist moving along a straight road for a period of 12
𝑣  (𝑚 𝑠−1 )
seconds. For the first 8 seconds, she moves at a constant speed of
6 m s-1. She then decelerates at a constant rate, stopping after a 6
further 4 seconds.
(a) Find the displacement from the starting point of the cyclist
after this 12 second period.
(b) Work out the rate at which the cyclist decelerates.
8 12
𝑡  (𝑠)

a Area
  of trapezium: In
  case you’ve forgotten:
? Area of trapezium
= average of parallel sides
Using the gradient: height between them
b
You’re welcome.
?
Algebraic Example
[Textbook]
  A particle moves along a straight line. The particle
accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity of 8 ms-1 in seconds. The
particle then travels at a constant velocity of 8 ms-1 for seconds. The
particle then decelerates uniformly to rest in a further 40 s.
(a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the particle.
Give then the total displacement of the particle is 600m.
(b) find the value of .

a b  Using area:
−1
𝑣(𝑚
  𝑠 )
 𝐴  𝐵
8

 𝑂  𝐶
? 𝑡  (𝑠) ?
 𝑇 5𝑇
  40
 

Fro Tip: Sometimes it’s easier to

indicate the period of time that has
passed (using arrows) rather than
the time at the end of the interval.
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel M1 May 2013

You won’t likely have the

knowledge for (d) yet…

?
Exercise 9B
Pearson Stats/Mechanics Year 1
Pages 135-136

Edexcel M1 May 2012 Q4

For
  (b), it may be helpful to know that:
final velocity = initial velocity
+ (time acceleration) ?
“suvat” equations (Part 1)
When there is constant acceleration, there are a variety of
formulae which relate the following 5 quantities:

It’s important you recognise these

Velocity  equations are for a specific interval of
:  displacement
time. So the time is the duration of
:
:
initial velocity
final velocity
𝑣  the period we’re considering, not
necessarily the time since the object
was moving.
:
:
acceleration
time
𝑢 
Time
 𝑡
Each “suvat” equation we will see involves 4 of the 5 quantities. Typically in a problem we’ll know 3 of the
quantities and we wish to find an unknown 4th quantitiy. We therefore select the appropriate equation.

You are expected to be

 Using the gradient of the graph (which we able to prove each
know is acceleration): “suvat” question using
! ? the above graph.

Memorisation
  Tip: This
 Using the area under the graph (which we know gives distance): formula is effectively
! “distance = average
? speed time” which you
knew from GCSE.
Examples
[Textbook] A cyclist is travelling along a straight road. She accelerates at a
constant rate from a velocity of 4 ms-1 to a velocity of 7.5 ms-1 in 40
seconds. Find:
(a) the distance she travels in these 40 seconds
(b) her acceleration in these 40 seconds.

a  
Always write each letter of
? suvat, putting a “?” for any
quantities you need to
find.xx

?
Examples
[Textbook]
  A particle moves in a straight line from a point to a point with a constant deceleration 1.5 ms -2.
The velocity of the particle at is 8 ms-1 and the velocity of the particle at B is 2 ms-1. Find:
(a) the time taken for the particle to move from to .
(b) the distance from to .

After reaching the particle continues to move along the straight line with constant deceleration 1.5 ms -2.
The particle is at the point 6 seconds after passing through the point . Find:
(c) the velocity of the particle at .
(d) The distance from to .

a   As stated before, think about what period of

time we’re considering.

? c  
s

velocity is 1ms-1 in?the direction

m
b
(i.e. backwards)
?
m
d
?
Test Your Understanding
[Textbook] A car moves from traffic lights along a straight road with constant acceleration. The
car starts from rest at the traffic lights and 30 second later the car passes a speed-trap where it
is registered as travelling at 45 km h-1. Find:
(a) the acceleration of the car
(b) the distance between the traffic lights and the speed-trap.

Tip: Ensure everything is in SI units first.

a  

?
m

b
?
Exercise 9C
Pearson Stats/Mechanics Year 1
Pages 140-141
“suvat” equations (Part 2)
 The other “suvat” equations can be derived using and .

 Eliminating :  Eliminating :

? ?
!  ! 

 Eliminating :
Fro
  Note: Because this is quadratic in , we
typically end up with two different possible times.

? Fro
  Note: I have never seen an exam
question that uses this formula.

! 
Examples
 [Textbook] A particle is moving along a straight line from to with  
constant acceleration 5 ms-2. The velocity of the particle is 3 ms-1 in
the direction . The velocity of the particle at is 18 ms -1 in the same
direction. Find the distance from to .

[Textbook]
  A particle is moving in a straight horizontal line with constant
deceleration 4 ms-2. At time the particle passes through a point with speed 13
ms-1 travelling towards a point , where m. Find:
(a) the times when the particle passes through
(b) the value of when the particle returns to .

a   b  Particle returns after 6.5 s

The solution is expected because

 the particle
? ? started at .
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel M1 May 2013 Q4

?
Exercise 9D
Pearson Stats/Mechanics Year 1
Pages 145-146
Vertical Motion Under Gravity
 
Famously, when the Apollo
15 landed on the moon,
astronaut David Scott
conducted a famous
demonstration in which a
hammer and feather were
released at the same time.
As anticipated, they hit the
ground at the same time!

If there is no air resistance,

then the acceleration of
objects under gravity,
regardless of mass, is
constant.

The downwards
acceleration under gravity is Important
  Note: It’s important you use 9.8 and not 10
or 9.81, which is often used in other exam
ms-2. boards/Physics. Also note that given we’re using the
value of to 2 significant figures, any subject value
calculated should also be given to 2 significant figures.
Example
[Textbook] A book falls off the top shelf of a bookcase. The shelf is 1.4 m above a
wooden floor. Find:
(a) the time the book takes to reach the floor,
(b) the speed with which the book strikes the floor.
At this stage, it’s hugely important you consider what
 
direction is considered as ‘positive’, and mark it next to
your suvat values. If ‘up’ was positive, then . If ‘down’ is
a
𝑠=1.4,𝑢=0 ,𝑎=+9.8,𝑡=?
  ? ? ? positive, then . The direction does not matter provided
that you are consistent with each letter of suvat, but
convention is that we make as many values positive as
possible.

 
1 2
𝑠=𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡
?
2
b 2 2
𝑣 =𝑢 ?+ 2 𝑎𝑠
 
As per previous slide, quote only to 2
significant figures. You may be penalised if
you quote more!
 Further Example
 [Textbook] A ball is projected vertically upwards, from a point which is 7m above
the ground, with speed 21 ms-1. Find
(a) the greatest height above the ground reached by the ball,
(b) the time of flight of the ball

𝑠  a
?  𝑠= ? , 𝑢=21
? , 𝑣=? 0 ,𝑎=−
? 9.8 ,
 
7 
? is m
Therefore greatest height

b
 𝑠=?
− 7 , 𝑢=?21 ,𝑎=−
? 9.8 , 𝑡 =?
 
Therefore time of flight is 4.6 s (2sf)

?
A further common type of question…
A ball is projected vertically upwards from ground level at a speed of 20 ms -1.
Determine the amount of time the ball is at least 10m above ground level.

a
?  𝑠=?10 ,𝑢=20
? , 𝑎=−
? 9.8 ,𝑡 = ?
10m
 
Therefore time above 10m:
s (2sf)
?

Froculator Tip: Be sure to use

the quadratic solver on your
calculator (within ‘Equation’
mode on the ClassWiz).
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel M1 May 2013(R) Q4

?
Exercise 9E
Pearson Stats/Mechanics Year 1
Pages 151-152