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Normal Flora unit-IV

Normal flora are microorganisms that inhabit healthy areas of the human body. They include bacteria that reside on the skin, in the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Normal flora play important roles like protecting against pathogens, producing vitamins, and stimulating the immune system. While usually harmless, they can sometimes cause opportunistic infections when the body's defenses are compromised, such as with antibiotic use disrupting the microbial balance. Bacterial infections can arise from normal flora within the body or from external sources and be transmitted between individuals or acquired in hospitals. Nosocomial infections are an important issue to control through practices like hand hygiene and disinfection.

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45 views23 pages

Normal Flora unit-IV

Normal flora are microorganisms that inhabit healthy areas of the human body. They include bacteria that reside on the skin, in the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Normal flora play important roles like protecting against pathogens, producing vitamins, and stimulating the immune system. While usually harmless, they can sometimes cause opportunistic infections when the body's defenses are compromised, such as with antibiotic use disrupting the microbial balance. Bacterial infections can arise from normal flora within the body or from external sources and be transmitted between individuals or acquired in hospitals. Nosocomial infections are an important issue to control through practices like hand hygiene and disinfection.

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Urdu Kahani
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Normal Flora

Human and Microbial Interaction


Unit-IV
(Microbiology)

Muhammad Iqbal
KMU
Key Terms
• Symbiosis (living together): The relationship
between two different species is called symbi
osis.
• Mutualism: is a type of symbiosis in which b
oth of the partners are benefited.
• Commensalism: is a symbiotic relationship i
n which one partner is benefited while the oth
er is neither benefited nor harmed.
• Parasitism: is a symbiotic relationship in whi
ch one is benefited while the other is harmed
.
Normal Flora
• Definition:
• Microorganisms that inhabit the mucosa sk
in and of a healthy person.
Normal Flora
Natural inhabitants in or on the surface of
human body

They are found on/in


Skin
Oral cavity
Respiratory tract
Gastrointenstinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Two Types of Normal Flora
Resident Flora (Inside body)
Consists of relatively fixed types of microorga
nisms regularly found in a given area.

Transient Flora ( Outside body)


Present for a short period then disappear
in intervals
Do not interfere with normal body functions
The human body routinely harbors about 1012 b

acteria while human body cells are about 101


0

The normal flora is relatively stable and while p

athogenic bacteria are delicate and less stabl

Usually not pathogenic but opportunistic


Major Normal Flora of human body

Streptococci
Staphylococci
Micrococci
Skin Diphtheroid bacilli
Lactobacillus species
Candida albicans (fungus)
Staphylococcus epidermides
Staphylococcus aureus
Upper respiratory
tract Lactobacillus
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacteriods
Candida albicans
Streptococci
Neisseria
Bacteriods
Mouth Lactobacilli
Candida albicans
Lactobacillus
Stomach Streptococcus
Helicobacter pylori
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium
Intestine E.Coli
Bacteroides
Enterococcus
yeasts
>109 bacteria per gram of feces excrete
Staphylococcus
epidermides

Urogenital tract Lactobacillus


Clostridium
Candida albicans (fungus)
Trichomonas vaginalis (protozon)
Three Roles Normal flora
Constitute a protective host defense mechanism:
Offer resistance to pathogenic microbes by competing for
nutrients and habitat
Produce antibiotic materials.
Serve a nutritional function:
Synthesize several vitamins B and vitamin K
keep our immune systems in tune:
Normal flora share many antigenic determinants with path
ogenic organisms which keep stimulating our immune sy
stem
Opportunistic Pathogen

causing disease only in certain situations


• Host defenses are impaired or compromised.
• Translocation:
introduced into the bloodstream bacteremia
peritoneal cavity
pelvic tissues
• Flora disequilibrium

The use of antibiotics disrupts the balance of the


microbial community
Clostridiums difficile

a severe, fatal gastrointestinal tract infection


Ⅱ. Bacterial Infection
The source of infection
• Endogenous infection
• Exogenous infection
Edogenous Infection

• Already existing on /in body


normal flora (opportunistic)
Exogenous Infection

• From a source outside the body


person (patient, carrier)
animal
environment
Mode of Transmission

• Vertical transmission
transmitted from mother to offspring

• Horizontal transmission
from person to person
Nosocomial Infection
(Hospital Acquired infection)
• An infectious diseases acquired as a resul
t of a hospital stay.
• Around 9% of all hospital patients develop
hospital infection (nosocomial)
• Endogenous infection
• Exogenous infection
Factors that influence infection

Lower defenses
Antibiotic treatment

Medical or surgical procedures used:


catheters
medical equipment
How to control Nosocomial In
fection?
• Hand hygiene
• Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization
• Personal protective equipment
• Contact Surfaces
• Isolation

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