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Production and Nature of Sound: - Refer To Notes Given in Class

This document discusses key properties of sound including: 1) Velocity of sound travels faster in solids and liquids than in air due to density. In air, velocity is around 1130 ft/sec. 2) Wavelength is the distance traveled by a sound wave during one cycle and is calculated by dividing the speed by frequency. 3) Frequency is measured in Hertz and determines pitch. The human hearing range is typically 20Hz to 20,000Hz. 4) Intensity of sound is measured in decibels and perceieved as loudness by the human ear on a logarithmic scale from 0dB to 130dB. Intensity decreases with the inverse square of distance from the source.

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36 views

Production and Nature of Sound: - Refer To Notes Given in Class

This document discusses key properties of sound including: 1) Velocity of sound travels faster in solids and liquids than in air due to density. In air, velocity is around 1130 ft/sec. 2) Wavelength is the distance traveled by a sound wave during one cycle and is calculated by dividing the speed by frequency. 3) Frequency is measured in Hertz and determines pitch. The human hearing range is typically 20Hz to 20,000Hz. 4) Intensity of sound is measured in decibels and perceieved as loudness by the human ear on a logarithmic scale from 0dB to 130dB. Intensity decreases with the inverse square of distance from the source.

Uploaded by

ajith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACOUSTICS,Module1

PRODUCTION and NATURE OF SOUND


•Refer to notes given in class

Marian College of Architecture and Planning


S4,ACOUSTICS

PROPERTIES OF SOUND
Marian College of Architecture and Planning
ACOUSTICS,Module1

1. VELOCITY OF SOUND

•Speed at which sound waves travel or pass through any medium.


•Depends on nature and temperature of the medium.
•20⁰F rise of drop in room air temperature leads to 2% change in velocity of sound in
air.
•Velocity of sound in air is affected by
•Amount of moisture in air
•Temperature of air
•Intensity of wind
•Velocity is independent of frequency or pitch of sound.
•Sound travels much faster in solids and liquids (4x times than air) than it does in air.
(spacing of molecules-density, enables sound to travel much faster)
1. VELOCITY OF SOUND

• Sound travels much faster in solids and liquids (4x times than air) than it does in air.
(spacing of molecules-density, enables sound to travel much faster)
1. VELOCITY OF SOUND
1. VELOCITY OF SOUND

•In air, at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure, the velocity of sound is
approximately 1130 ft per sec (800 mi/hr).Extremely slow when compared to
velocity of light (186000mi/sec)
•Eg: Lightning.
1. VELOCITY OF SOUND

• Structure borne sound- through building materials- regenerates as


air borne sound.
2. WAVELENGTH

•Distance travelled by sound wave during one cycle of wibration.


Wavelength (λ)= Speed/Frequency of sound(f)
•Eg: Ripples in water by stone, slinky toy
•For acoustics and sound measurement purposes speed of sound- 340m/s or
1130 ft/s
•Wavelength at 20 Hz= 17m
•Wavelength at 20,000Hz = 17mm
2. WAVELENGTH
3. FREQUENCY

•Measure of quality of sound energy


•Number of pressure variations which a sounding body makes in each unit of time
•Greater the number of variations-higher the pitch.
•Number of times per second a given molecule of air vibrates about its neutral
position.
•Frequency is measured in Cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)
•Greater the no: of cycles (complete vibrations) the higher the frequency.
3. FREQUENCY

•Range of human hearing- 20 Hz to 20000 Hz.


•Pitch- subjective response of human hearing to frequency.
•Low frequencies are considered boomy and high as screechy or hissy.

•(VIDEO)

•Lower limit
•Below lower
•Upper limit
3. FREQUENCY

•For measurement, analysis and specification of sound, the frequency range is


divided into sections- called bands.
•Standard- 10 octave band- 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and
16000 Hz
•Octave band in sound analysis, represents frequency ratio of 2:1.
3. FREQUENCY

•Further divisions of frequency range (eg: one third or one tenth octave bands)
•Sound level covering entire frequency range of octave bands is known as overall
level.
3.a. FREQUENCY RANGE OF AUDIBLE SOUNDS
3.a. FREQUENCY RANGE OF AUDIBLE SOUNDS

•Presbycusis- Hearing sensitivity, especially the upper frequency limit, diminishes


with increasing age even without adverse effect from disease of noise.
•Sociocusis- Long term and repeated exposure to intense sounds and noises of
everday living- causes permanent damage.
•Nosocusis- All other hearing losses.
•Human speech contains energy from 125 to 8000Hz
•Women’s vocal cords are thinner and shorter than men’s, so wavelengths produced
are smaller- female frequency of vibration for speech is normally higher.
4. INTENSITY OF SOUND

•Flow of sound energy per unit of time through unit area.


•Measure of quantity of sound energy.
•Purely a physical quantity.
•Cannot be directly measured. Sound pressure measure using sound level meter.
I α p2
•I= Intensity of sound
•p= sound pressure
•In air, under normal atmospheric conditions, sound intensity level and sound
pressure level are nearly identical.
• Bel unit is used to relate the intensity of sound to an intensity level corresponding
to the human hearing sensation.
4. INTENSITY OF SOUND

•Measured on a logarithmic scale due to wide range of variation of intensity of


sound.
•In bels,

L1= log10 I1 / I0
•Unit of bel is large hence a shorter practical unit of decibel (dB) equal to
1/10 bel is used.
•Sound intensity level in Decibels,
L1= 10 log I/I0
•I= sound intensity (W/m2)
•I0= reference sound intensity, 10-12(W/m2) (Threshold of audibility in W/m2 or 0dB) or
minimum sound intensity audible to average human ear at 1000Hz.
•Human hearing range- 0 dB(threshold of audibility) to 130 dB (Threshold of pain)
4. INTENSITY OF SOUND
4.a CHANGES IN SOUND INTENSITY
•If two sounds differ by m decibels, change in sound intensity level (or noise
reduction),

NR= L1-L2; NR= 10 log10 I1 / I2


•There is change in apparent loudness, as the change in sound intensity is not
perceived by the ear.
•NR=difference in sound levels between two conditions (dB)
•I1= sound intensity under one condition (W/m2)

•I2= sound intensity under another condition (W/m2)


•If m= 1db
1= 10 log10 I1 / I2

Or, log10 I1 / I2 =1/10

I1 / I2 =1.26
•Change in intensity by 26 percent alters the level by 1 db.
•1db is the smallest change in intensity level that human ear can ordinarily detect or
4.a CHANGES IN SOUND INTENSITY

•Based on inverse square law, in terms of distance ratio, change in sound intensity
level,

NR= 20 log10 d2 /d1


•Where I1/I2 =(d2/d1)2
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
I= W/4πd2
d
•Where, I= sound intensity,
d
•W= sound energy/power(W), d
• d= distance from the source (m)

W
4.a CHANGES IN SOUND INTENSITY
4.a CHANGES IN SOUND INTENSITY

When dB values of two Add the following dB to


sources differ by the higher value
0 or 1 3
2 or 3 2
4 to 8 1
9 or more 0

•Decibel addition
5. LOUDNESS

•Degree of perception of sound pressure.


•Sound intensity is not directly perceived at the ear. It is transferred by complex
hearing mechanism to the brain where these sensations are interpreted as loudness.
•Subjective
•Does not depend upon the ear of listener.
5. LOUDNESS

•The range of audible sound to painful noise varies from 1 to 1013.


•In logarithmic scale 1 to 130dB units
•130dB units- threshold of painful hearing.
•Intensity of sound is affected by frequency of sound and logarithmic scale doesn’t
take frequency into account.
•Therefore, representative unit =phon
•Phon= level of sounds of equal loudness at all frequencies. Unit of measurement for
loudness (previous unit was sones)
5. LOUDNESS

•Loudness contours
5.a. LOUDNESS- SENSITIVITY OF HEARING

Eg:Rock music

25 dB to over 100 dB
6. SOUND PRESSURE

•Corresponding to threshold of hearing, SP= 0.03 kN/m 2= one millionth of normal


atmospheric pressure.
•Corresponding to threshold of painful hearing, SP= 30,000 kN/m 2
•Unit of measurement Pascal.
• When measuring sound pressure, it is important to measure the distance from the
object.
•Sound pressure of a spherical sound wave decreases as 1/r from the centre of the
sphere.
Pα 1/r
Inverse proportional law.
6. SOUND PRESSURE

•Sound pressure level Lp may be considered equivalent to sound intensity level L 1 in


most acoustics situations.
•Affected by environment in which it is measured.
Lp= 20 log p/p0
•Lp= Sound pressure level in dB
•P= measured in N/m2
•P0= 2x10-5 N/m2
•At reference value Lp= 0 dB
•At threshold of pain Lp=130 dB (p=63 N/m2 )
6. SOUND PRESSURE

•Relationship between sound pressure and frequency are required for meaningful
analysis.
•This plotted as graph is known as Sound Spectrum.
•Used to describe the magnitude of sound energy at many frequencies.
6. SOUND PRESSURE

•Frequency scale diagram- Octave band scale (ratio of successive frequencies is 2:1-
ratio for octave in music)
•The extent or width of octave band is geometric.

Line graph- octave band spectrum for a noise


consisting of the sound energy measured
within octave bands
6. SOUND PRESSURE

•Broadband- when sound produced will spread throughout a wide range of


frequencies.
•Eg: when a pianist uses both forearms to simultaneously strike as many piano keys
as possible.
•A graph of this noise would give a flat spectrum.
HUMAN EAR

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