Introduction to Operating

System
Santhosh. J
C-DAC, Bangalore
[email protected]
Instructions
• Please mute your AUDIO and VIDEO
• If you have any doubts or questions, you can put in the chat
window. We shall have last 15~20 mins for Q&A
• Be attentive, I shall be asking questions in between which
you can answer through chat window
• If you have any questions you can mail me –
[email protected]

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LAB Sessions
• Windows OS on your Laptop
• Install Virtual box on your Windows laptops
• Download: https://www.virtualbox.org/
• How to Install Virtual box: https://www.wikihow.com/Install-VirtualBox
• Create CentOS 7 Virtual Machine
• Download:
• Linux OS on your Laptop
• If you have Linux OS, you can straight away work on it.
• Online Linux Terminals
• https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ubuntu-free-online-linux/pm
aonbjcobmgkemldgcedmpbmmncpbgi/related?hl=en
• https://www.onworks.net/

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LAB Sessions
• A Demo will be given in the afternoon lab session on
• Virtual box installation
• Virtual Images booting

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Course Syllabus
Objective: To introduce Operating
System concepts with Linux environment,
and to learn Shell Programming
Prerequisites: Basic Knowledge of
Click to add text
programming with object oriented
concepts
Text Books:
• Operating Systems Principles by Abraham
Silberschatz, Peter Galvin & Greg Gagne /
Wiley

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References
A. S. Tanenbaum, “Modern
Operating Systems”, 4th ed,
Pearson, 2015.

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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
MySelf
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process Mr. Arunachalam

Process Scheduling algorithms with examples

Threads Ms. Karuna
Concurrency Control
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Operating System Overview
• What is an OS?
• Services provided by OS
• Abstract View
• Goals of OS
• Why are OS Important?

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What is an Operating System?
A modern computer consists of:
• One or more processors
• Main memory
• Disks
• Printers
• Various input/output devices

Managing all these varied components requires a layer of

software – the Operating System (OS).
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What is an Operating system?
• An Operating System is a program that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• OS manages computer hardware and provides wide range of
generic data services for computer programs.

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Operating System tasks
• Operating systems perform basic tasks

• Recognizing input from the keyboard

• Sending output to the display screen
• keeping track of files and directories on the disk 
• controlling  peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers
• Ensure that different programs & users running at the same
time do not interfere with each other.
• Provide a software platform on top of which other programs
can run.
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Services provided by OS
 Facilities for program creation
• editors, compilers, linkers etc.
 Program execution
• loading in main memory, execute the program.
 Access to I/O and files
• deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats.
 System access
• resolves conflicts for resource contention.
• protection in access to resources and data.

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Computer system components
• Hardware
• provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory chips, I/O devices, storage devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
• Application programs
• define the ways in which the system resources are used to
solve the computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
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Abstract View

• OS facilitates use of resources by

hiding local details and presenting
an interface which is convenient to
use.
• For instance : computer games,
e-mail, browsing or preparing
documents are applications
launched by simply clicking on
icons. How easy it is !

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Goals of OS
• Convenience
• An OS makes a computer more easy to use.
• Efficiency:
• Allows the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner.
• Ability to evolve:
• An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without
interfering with service.
OR
• In terms of User
• convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast
• In terms of system
• easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free,
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 Why are Operating Systems
Important?
• Knowing how OS works is a fundamental and critical to anyone
who is a serious software developer.
• Important to understand and know how to correctly use when
writing user applications.
• Few actually involved in OS design and implementation but
nevertheless many general techniques to be learned and
applied.
• Combines concepts from many other areas of Computer
Science: Architecture, Languages, Data Structures, Algorithms,
etc.

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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs. Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
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Evolution of Computer
• The first computer was conceived as a
machine of cogs and gears.
• Charles Babbage designed the first automatic
computing engine, but failed to build them!
• Charles Babbage is Referred to as
“FATHER OF COMPUTING”

The first complete Babbage Engine was completed in London

in 2002, 153 years after it was designed. 
Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California

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Evolution of Computer
• Computer hardware in about 1940s.

ENIAC 1943 ENIAC’s backside

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Early Systems
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer), at
the U.S. Army's Aberdeen
Proving Ground in Maryland.
• built in the 1940s,
• weighed 30 tons,
• was eight feet high, three feet
deep, and 100 feet long
• contained over 18,000 vacuum ENIAC’s vacuum tubes
tubes that were cooled by 80 air
blowers.

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Evolution of OS
• 6 main OS types evaluated over the past 70 years

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Serial Processing
• Programs were loaded into memory manually using switches,
punched cards, or paper tapes.

ENIAC : Punch Cards

05/03/2021 ENIAC : coding by cable connectionsIntroduction to OS 22

Batch Processing (1960)
• Drawback of Serial processing
• The serial processing was difficult for users, it takes much time and the
next program should wait for the completion of the previous one. Since
the programs are submitted to the machine one after the other.
• Batch Processing
• To reduce the waiting time, batch processing was introduced.
• In this technique, the same type of jobs batch together and execute at
a time.
• Drawback
• When a job stopped, the operator would have to notice it by observing the
console, determining why the program stopped, takes a dump if necessary &
start with the next job.

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Multiprogramming (1970)
• Multiprogramming means sharing of resources
between more than one processes.
• A no. of processes reside in main memory at a
time. The OS picks and begins to execute one
of the jobs in main memory.
• Advantages
• By multiprogramming the CPU time is not wasted,
because, while one process moves on some I/O
work, the OS picks another process to execute till
the current one passes to I/O operation.

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Time Sharing System (1970)
• With the development of interactive computation in 1970s, time-sharing
systems emerged.
• Timesharing or Multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
• Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU switching between them.
• The CPU time is shared by different processes.
• Advantages
• Efficient CPU utilization
• It uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small
portion of time-shared computer
• The user can interact with the job when it is executing.

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Personal/Desktop Computers (1980)
Commodore PET, 1977

• Home/Personal computers produced starting in 1977

by Commodore International.

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Parallel System(1980)
• Another computer system is the multiprocessor system having
multiple processors sharing memory and peripheral devices.
• These are “Tightly Coupled” system.
• A no. of processors are executing there job in parallel.
• Advantages
• Higher DATA Rate - Increases throughput
• No. of Processors(CPU), to get more work done in a shorter period of
time.
• Higher reliability
• Compact in size, but more expensive

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Parallel System
• Each processors has its own local memory. (Distributed
memory)
• These are called “Loosely Coupled” systems.
• Advantages:
• Efficient when the tasks running on different processors has minimal
interaction between them.
• No memory conflict
• Less expensive but larger in size

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Network OS(1980)
• In network systems, each process runs in its own
machine but the OS have access to other machines.
• By this way, file sharing, messaging, etc. became possible.
• In networks, users are aware of the fact that he/she is
working in a network and when information is exchanged.
The user explicitly handles the transfer of information.

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Network OS

Each is a computer having its own

CPU, RAM, etc. An OS supporting
networks is installed on them.

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Distributed OS
• Distributed systems are similar to networks. However in
such systems, there is no need to exchange information
explicitly, it is handled by the OS itself whenever necessary.

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Quiz
• Who is considered as the father of Computing?

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Quiz
• What is the electronic component used in ENIAC computer?
• Vacuum Tubes
• Transistors
• IC
• LSI

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Quiz
• When was the first Operating system developed?
• 1821
• 1950
• 1960
• 1970

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Quiz
• What does ENIAC Stands for _________?
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
• Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Calculator

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Quiz
• Time sharing technique handles ________
• Single Interactive Job
• Multiple Interactive Job
• Recent Interactive Job
• Old Interactive Job

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Quiz
• With the use of multiprogramming processing work can be____
• Efficient
• Rigid
• Expensive
• Flexible

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Quiz
• Multiprogramming systems:
• Execute each job faster
• Are used only one large mainframe computers
• Are easier to develop than single programming systems
• Execute more jobs in the same time period.

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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
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Components of Operating System

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Process Management
• A process is a program in execution.
• Managing the many processes that are running simultaneously
on the operating system

Functions of process management in OS:

• Process creation and deletion.
• Suspension and resumption.
• Synchronization process
• Communication process

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I/O Device Management
Important use of OS is to hide the variations of hardware devices
from the user.
Functions of I/O management in OS:

• It offers buffer caching system

• It provides general device driver code
• It provides drivers for particular hardware devices.
• I/O helps you to knows the individualities of a specific device.

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File Management/Storage Management
• OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
• Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file
• Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)
• Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or
random)
• A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator
• represent programs and data
• Files : free-form or formatted rigidly
• File-System management
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who can access what
• Functions of File-System management is OS
• Creating and deleting files and directories
• Primitives to manipulate files and directories
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
•
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Backup files onto stable (non-volatile)Introduction
storageto media
OS 43
Network Management
• Process of administering and managing computer networks.
• The computers in the network are connected through a
communication network, which can be configured in a number
of different ways.

• Functions of Network management:

• Network Administration
• Network Operation
• Network Maintenance
• Network Provisioning

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Security Management
• Processes in an operating system need to be secured from
each other’s activities.
• Proper Authorization should be provided to processes which
want to operate files, memory CPI and other hardware
resources
• For example, Memory addressing hardware helps you to
confirm that a process can be executed within its own address
space. The time ensures that no process has control of the
CPU without renouncing it.

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Memory Management
• All data in memory before and after processing
• All instructions in memory in order to execute
• Memory management determines what is in memory when
• Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users
• Functions of Memory management in OS:
• It helps you to keep track of primary memory.
• Determine what part of it are in use by whom, what part is not in use.
• In a multiprogramming system, the OS takes a decision about which
process will get Memory and how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests
• It also de-allocates the Memory when a process no longer requires or
has been terminated.
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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
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 Operating System
vs
Application Software

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What is an Application Software
• An application software performs a single task.
• These type of software programs are specially designed to
solve particular problems such as document creation, doing
calculations, image editing etc.

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 Difference Between Operating System
and Application Software
Operating System Application Software
A system software that manages computer hardware A software designed to perform a group of co-
and software resources and provides common ordinated functions, tasks or activities for the benefit
services for computer programs of the user
Works as the interface b/w user and the hardware, Performs a single specific task
performs process management, memory
management, task scheduling, hardware device
controlling and many more…
Developed using C, C++, Assembly languages Developed using Java, VB, C, C++
Boots up when the user switches on the computer Runs only when the user requests to run the
and runs till he switches off the machine application
Necessary for the proper functioning of the computer Cannot be installed without an operating system
Ex: Windows, Unix, Linux, DOS etc., Ex: Word, Spreadsheet, Adobe, Database management
system etc.,

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Quiz
• Which of the following is an example of application software?
• Security Software
• Operating System
• Microsoft Word
• Command System

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Quiz
• Which is the first program run on a computer when the
computer boots up?
• System software
• Operating System
• System Operations
• None of the Above

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Quiz
• Which of the following is not application software?
• Windows 7
• Wordpad
• Photoshop
• MS-Excel

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Quiz
• Which of the following is system software?
• Operating System
• Compiler
• Utilities
• All of the Above

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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
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 Functionality and Services of Operating
System
• An Operating System provides services to both the users and to
the programs.
• It provides programs an environment to execute.
• It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient
manner.

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Services
• Program execution
• Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to
system programs. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process.
• I/O operations -
• File System manipulation -
• Communication -
• Error Detection -
• Resource Allocation -
• Protection -

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Quiz
• The primary purpose of Operating System is:
• To keep system programmers employed
• To make computers easier to use
• To allow people to use the computer
• To make the most efficient use of computer hardware

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Quiz
• One that is not a type of user interface of the operating system
is
• Command line interface
• Graphical user interface
• Batch interface
• Device interface

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Quiz
• A service not provided by OS is:
• Networking
• User interface
• Program execution
• Error detection

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What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
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Types of Operating System

• The three most common operating

systems personal computers
are Microsoft Windows, macOS,
and Linux.
• Modern operating systems use
a graphical user interface,
or GUI (pronounced gooey).
• A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the
screen using a combination
of graphics and text.
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Microsoft Windows

• Microsoft created
the Windows operating
system in the mid-1980s.
• Accounts to more than 80% of
global operating systems

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Microsoft Windows

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macOS
• macOS (previously called OS X) is a
line of operating systems created by
Apple.
• It comes preloaded on all Macintosh
computers, or Macs. 
• Some of the specific versions
include Mojave (released in 2018), High
Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).
• Accounts to less than 10% of global OS

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Linux
• Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-
source operating systems, which means they
can be modified and distributed by anyone
around the world.
• The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and
there are many different distributions—or
versions—you can choose from.
• Accounts to less than 2% of global operating
system (Desktop), However, most servers run
Linux (80%) because it’s relatively easy to
customize and stable.

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Operating systems for mobile devices

• The operating systems we've been

talking about so far were designed to run
on desktop and laptop computers.
• Mobile devices such as phones, tablet
computers, and MP3 players are
different from desktop and laptop
computers
• run operating systems that are designed
specifically for mobile devices.
• Examples of mobile operating systems
include Apple iOS and Google
Android.
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Quiz
• Which of the following is not an operating system?
• DOS
• Linux
• Oracle
• Solaris

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Quiz
• When were MS Windows Operating system proposed?
• 1994
• 1990
• 1992
• 1985

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Quiz
• Which of the following is a single-user operating system?
• Windows
• MAC
• MS-DOS
• None of the Above

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 What you’ll be studying
Operating System Overview
Evolution of Operating System
Components of Operating System
Operating System vs Application Software
Functionality and Services of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Introduction to Linux
File Management wrt Linux
Shell Programming in Linux
Process
Process Scheduling algorithms with examples
Threads
Concurrency Control
05/03/2021 Introduction to OS 71